Mass change of dielectric media induced by propagation of electromagnetic waves

Variation of Energy Density and Mass Density of Photon with Wavelength

“…Thes asll caluation of rest mass of photons is done indirectly. These all conclude that photon has nonzero real mass and depends on the wavelength of photon in free space [13,14].…”

Non-separable wave particle in space-time

“…Energy and momentum of a particle moving in free space Suppose a particle with a rest mass m moves at a velocity v in free space. In the theory of relativity, the linear momentum, p, and the total energy, W, of the particle are described by [5,6] …”

“…The phase velocity of waves equals the velocity of the ħk, where ħ is Planck's constant [3]. Since photon has zero-mass, the photon energy is equivalent to the kinetic energy [6], and the ratio of W/p equals c.…”

“…While the density of the Minkowski momentum, g, defined as g = D×B, has a magnitude g = u/c, here B denotes the magnetic field [6,9]. Notice ω/k = c.…”

“…In quantum mechanic, the densities of the energy and momentum of photons are related to the time-averaging values of u and g through nħω = ε 0 E 0 2 /2, and nħk = ε 0 E 0 2 /(2c), where n is the number density of the photon [6].…”