Mass-Flow-Rate Measurement of Pneumatically Conveyed Particles Through Acoustic Emission Detection and Electrostatic Sensing

Abstract

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Simultaneous measurement of solid concentration and solid moisture in gas–solid two-phase flow using a dual-modality electrical sensor

“…The method is based on the measurement principles including capacitance and angle of loss. By using a dual-modality electrical sensor which has a Radiation method [13,14] The risk of radiation leakage; complicated and expensive sensor Acoustic method [15][16][17] Sensitive to solid moisture; multiple transducers have to be installed to cover the entire cross-section Optical method [18][19][20] Contamination and misalignment of sensing windows Electrostatic method [21][22][23] Sensitive to ambient factors, such as moisture content and particle size Capacitive method [24] Combined measurement based on microwave transmission and capacitance sensor [25] The measurement is performed based on solid moisture set in the calibration points; sensitive to phase distribution Microwave method [26] Need to obtain resonant frequencies online for the case where sensor is full of solid Solid moisture measurement NIRS [27] Easy to form solid deposits on optical probe RF and microwave measurements [28] Need to configure a parallel-plate or coaxial line sample holder Time domain reflectometry [30] Sensitive to bulk density Electrical resistance probe [29] Sensitive to bulk density; affect flow state of solid particle; wear in the delivery application Capacitance probe [31,32] Triboelectric probe [4] Affect flow state of solid particle; wear in the delivery application Simultaneous measurement of solid concentration and moisture ECT and capacitance of adjacent electrode pairs [10] Large amounts of measurements and complex reconstruction algorithm pose a challenge in real-time performance; moisture measurement need to be based on constant concentration The proposed method in this study Sensitive to phase distribution simple structure, the measurement signals of capacitance and angle of dielectric loss can be obtained in the same measured section. Both signals are sensitive to the solid moisture and the solid concentration.…”

“…The radiometric method [13,14] is almost not affected by solid moisture, but it is usually associated with problems such as the risk of radiation leakage and the use of complicated and expensive sensors. The acoustic method [15][16][17] is characterized by low cost and fast response. But it is affected by solid moisture, and multiple transducers have to be installed to cover the entire cross-section.…”

Experimental investigations into the propagation of acoustic emission signals from particle impacts along a waveguide

“…2. An AE sensor is coupled to the outer end of a waveguide, which transforms the elastic stress waves excited by particle collisions into electric signals [19]. In this way, it is convenient to maintain, re-calibrate or replace the AE sensor as needed.…”