Mass imprisonment and racial disparities in childhood behavioral problems

Wakefield, Sara; Wildeman, Christopher

doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2011.00740.x

Cited by 230 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…It is the Violent Crime and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, aka "three strikes law," and habitual offender law, that is taking a toll on the increase of non-violent men and women offenders [13,15,16,18,19,23]. Even though laws were already being utilized in states, it was perceived by the public and elected officials that additional sentencing policies/ laws were needed to strengthen the ones that already existed by minimizing sentencing discrimination [18,19].…”

Section: Strict Sentencing Lawsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though laws were already being utilized in states, it was perceived by the public and elected officials that additional sentencing policies/ laws were needed to strengthen the ones that already existed by minimizing sentencing discrimination [18,19]. This belief was further influenced by highly recognized cases such as, Polly Klaas and Kimber Reynolds; in which both women were killed by a repeat offender [22].…”

Section: Strict Sentencing Lawsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The outcome of strict sentencing legislation largely populated the US prison with minority offenders who committed drug offenses, while concurrently, the rate of women becoming incarcerated began to outnumber men like never before [10,13,[15][16][17][18][19][20]. For example, from 1986 until 1999 as more women were charged with drug offenses, out of home placements for children living with a relative or entering the foster care system was enormously elevated [10,13,15,16,20].…”

Section: Strict Sentencing Laws and He Rise In Paternal Incarcerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many researchers link the swift increase of parental incarceration with the onset of stricter sentencing laws, implemented in response to "America's War on Drugs" issue and addressing repeated offenders [9,10,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The more stringent sentencing laws consisted of: mandatory minimum sentencing statutes, "three strikes and you're out" law and "truth-in-sentencing" laws.…”

Section: Strict Sentencing Laws and He Rise In Paternal Incarcerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequent to the establishment of "Three Strikes," many researchers have identified various challenges with this law and view it as culpable for overcrowding prisons with non-violent offenders [10,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]20,[23][24][25]. Figure 1 shows the 'Growth in U.S incarceration rate', and is taken from Alfred Blumstein's empirical research that examines a historical view to the prison population growth in the United States.…”

Section: Issue With Mandatory-minimum Sentencing and Three Strikes Lawsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hardships Children face in the United States of America by Having a Parent in Prison: How to Help Them! A Program Proposal

Jhz¹

2016

Social Crimonol

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This is a qualitative study examining research that has previously investigated the impact the incarceration of parents has on children in the United States of America. The study will explore root causes and causality outcomes for youth behaviors, on a psychological and child development level, by examining data, results and findings from multiple journal articles related to this topic and documenting patterns, commonalities, differences and/or connections that may define why children often develop so many challenging outcomes.The research questions are, (1) why children who have an incarcerated parent are characterized to produce so many negative outcomes, such as emotional, learning and behavioral challenges; what do developmental theories say about this? (2) What will be the best program implementation design to aid effectively in reducing negative outcomes, among youth who have a parent in prison?The data analysis will include statistical reviews from the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) to help determine whether this issue is significantly prevalent to warrant societal or governmental intervention. The conclusion will include critical areas (on children and caregivers) any program should address, when implementing programs to help the population of youth dealing with having a parent in prison. Children of Promise, NYC, is an organization specifically designed to work with children having parents in prison and will also be evaluated.In addition, the findings and suggestions are beneficial for social service organizations looking for possible strategies and buffers that can support healthy youth development and assist and/or minimize resulting emotional and psychological hurdles.

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Section: Strict Sentencing Lawsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Strict Sentencing Lawsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Strict Sentencing Laws and He Rise In Paternal Incarcerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Strict Sentencing Laws and He Rise In Paternal Incarcerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Issue With Mandatory-minimum Sentencing and Three Strikes Lawsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hardships Children face in the United States of America by Having a Parent in Prison: How to Help Them! A Program Proposal

Jhz¹

2016

Social Crimonol

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Association of Parental Incarceration With Psychiatric and Functional Outcomes of Young Adults

et al. 2019

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Key Points Question Is parental incarceration associated with increased odds of offspring receiving psychiatric diagnoses during young adulthood and experiencing obstacles that can derail a successful transition to adulthood (eg, in health, legal, financial, and social domains)? Findings This cohort study, using data from a community-representative, longitudinal study, found that parental incarceration was associated with young adults’ increased odds of having an anxiety disorder, having a felony charge, spending time in jail, not completing high school, becoming a parent when younger than 18 years, and being socially isolated. Meaning The findings suggest that parental incarceration is associated with offspring’s functional outcomes during young adulthood.

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Families

Sugie¹

2013

The Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice

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This entry provides an overview of the relationship between the role of families and criminal offending. It discusses how sociological theories of crime perceive families as either regulators or facilitators of criminal behavior, and how the role of families for offending changes throughout the life course. The entry also describes the consequences of crime and punishment, specifically incarceration, for the families of offenders. It concludes by suggesting future areas of fruitful research at the intersection of criminal justice and families.

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Mass imprisonment and racial disparities in childhood behavioral problems

Cited by 230 publications

References 57 publications

Hardships Children face in the United States of America by Having a Parent in Prison: How to Help Them! A Program Proposal

Hardships Children face in the United States of America by Having a Parent in Prison: How to Help Them! A Program Proposal

Association of Parental Incarceration With Psychiatric and Functional Outcomes of Young Adults

Families

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