Mass problem in the Standard Model

Abstract

Abstract. We propose a new SU(3) C ⊗ SU(2) L ⊗ U(1) Y ⊗ U(1) X gauge model which is non universal respect to the three fermion families of the Standard Model. We introduce additional one top-like quark, two bottom-like quarks and three right handed neutrinos in order to have an anomaly free theory. We also consider additional three right handed neutrinos which are singlets respect to the gauge symmetry of the model to implement see saw mechanism and give masses to the light neutrinos according to the neutrino oscillation phenomenology. In the context of this horizontal gauge symmetry we find mass ansatz for leptons and quarks. In particular, from the analysis of solar, atmospheric, reactor and accelerator neutrino oscillation experiments, we get the allow region for the Yukawa couplings for the charge and neutral lepton sectors according with the mass squared differences and mixing angles for the two neutrino hierarchy schemes, normal and inverted.

The 1932 Majorana Equation: A Forgotten but Surprisingly Modern Particle Theory

“…The widespread opinion of those who dealt with the 1932 Majorana equation is that the mass spectrum of Equation ( 19) is mostly a side-effect of the theory for particles with arbitrary spin, essentially due to the elimination of the negative energy solutions and the non-respect of the energy-momentum relation. However, the mass term χ is never made explicit by Majorana, and this leaves open the possibility of investigating other less conventional approaches that could lead to new research perspectives aimed at solving the problem of the masses [25,26].…”

“…where n is the order of the state under consideration (in his original work, Majorana maintains the physical meaning of φ as a probabilistic wave function, in line with the previous theories of Dirac and Schrodinger). In Equation (25), u = (v/c), where v is the particle velocity and c is the speed of light. For luxons, all spin states become equally probable, while for space-like particles the probability of existence increases as j increases, diverging as j → ∞ .…”

Space-Like Particle Production: an Interpretation Based on the Majorana Equation

“…( 19) is mostly a side-effect of the theory for particles with arbitrary spin, essentially due to the elimination of the negative energy solutions and the non-respect of the energy-momentum relation. However, the mass term 𝜒 is never made explicit by Majorana, and this leaves open the possibility of investigating other less conventional approaches that could lead to new research perspectives aimed at solving the problem of the masses [25][26]. In this study, we will investigate the hypothesis in which 𝜒 is a sort of universal constant from which, as the spin varies, the entire spectrum of known particle masses is obtained.…”