Mass spectrometric methods for assessing the thermal stability of liquid polymers and oils: study of some liquid polyisobutylenes used in the production of crankcase oil additives

Lehrle, R.S.; Duncan, Robert Edward; Liu, Yirong; Parsons, Ian W.; Rollinson, M.; Lamb, Gordon D.; Barr, Douglas

doi:10.1016/s0165-2370(02)00032-3

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…For safety reasons, tests were performed at the lower radiant heat fluxes (15-35 kW/m 2 ) first and then at selected higher radiant heat fluxes (50 and 75 kW/m 2 ) as appropriate. The results and trends for gear oil (Figure 3) at 20°C/min in air are in good agreement with previous results by Jain et al 30 It can be observed that gear oil starts to degrade 31 mass loss in TG curve, whereas the maximum degradation temperature (T max ) is that corresponding to the peak in DTG curve. The 2 temperatures are given in Table 3.…”

Section: Cone Calorimetersupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The results and trends for gear oil (Figure ) at 20°C/min in air are in good agreement with previous results by Jain et al It can be observed that gear oil starts to degrade around 273°C, say, 5.0% mass loss has occurred, and that a maximum MLR occurs at about 303°C, followed by an intermediate peak around 357°C. The TGA curve then flattens out at approximately 600°C, and no oil residue was found in the crucible, indicating almost complete degradation/evaporation is achieved.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flammability hazards of typical fuels used in wind turbine nacelle

et al. 2018

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Summary This study aims to develop a complete methodology for assessing flammability hazards of typical fuels (ie, transformer oil, hydraulic oil, gear oil, and lubricating grease) used in a wind turbine nacelle by combining different experimental techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimetry. Pyrolysis properties (onset temperature, temperature of maximum mass loss rate, and mass residue) and reaction‐to‐fire properties (ignition time, heat release rate, mass loss rate, and smoke release rate) were determined and used for a preliminary assessment of thermal stability and flammability hazards. Additional indices, for ignition and thermal behavior (effective heat of combustion, average smoke yield, and smoke point height, heat release capacity, fire hazard parameter, and smoke parameter, were calculated to provide a more advanced assessment of the hazards in a wind turbine. Results show that pyrolysis of transformer oil, lubricating grease, hydraulic oil, and gear oil occur in the range of 150°C to 550°C. Lubricating grease and transformer oil show the higher and lower thermal stabilities with maximum pyrolysis rate temperatures of 471°C and 282°C, respectively. The measured relation between ignition time and radiant heat flux agrees well with Janssens method (a power of 0.55). The aforementioned indices appear to provide a reasonable prediction of performance under real fire conditions according to a full‐scale fire test documented by Declercq and Van Schevensteen. The results of the study indicate that transformer oil is the easiest to ignite while lubricating grease is the most difficult to ignite but also has the highest smoke production rate; that transformer oil has the highest heat release rate while gear oil has the lowest; and that the fire hazard parameter is the highest for transformer oil and the smoke parameter is the highest for lubricating grease. The potential of this type of work to design safer wind turbines under performance‐based approaches is clearly clarified.

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Section: Cone Calorimetersupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flammability hazards of typical fuels used in wind turbine nacelle

et al. 2018

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“…Its dark brown color was consistent with the increase in the refractive index with carbon number in the thermal decomposition (TD) products of PIB as previously reported [19,27]. Temperature cycle of the thermal maleation reaction of PIB ranges from 150 to 200°C, whilst the onset of thermal degradation of the BF 3 process PIB and PIBSA is in the region of 240°C [19,28]. Higher order of thermal decomposition observed in this sample is likely to be due to the prolonged exposures of feedstock to high temperature and catalysts in the production process.…”

Section: Analysis Of Pibsa-mea Industrial Concentratesupporting

confidence: 86%

Structural Assignment of Commercial Polyisobutylene Succinic Anhydride‐based Surfactants

Merwe

Landman

Rooyen

et al. 2016

J Surfact & Detergents

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Concentration of the surface active agents in industrial products is a common source of error. In order to compare the efficiency of a number of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) based surfactants, their concentration needs to be determined with a fair degree of accuracy. Industrial samples of the monoethanolamine adduct of PIBSA (PIBSA-MEA) concentrate were used for chromatographic separation of the functionalized surfactant from the sample matrix. Complete spectroscopic assignments were based on detailed analysis of all the precursors and of the purified mixture of structural isomers. The structures of the double bond isomers were consistent with the expected addition products of the classic Alderene reaction-derived PIBSA. The carbon-carbon connectivity of the succinamide head group to the bulky polymer tail of PIBSA-MEA was more complicated than previously thought, pointing towards regioselectivity in the nucleophilic substitution of PIBSA. By analogy, further structural assignments of two other surfactants, branded as PIBSA-IMIDE and PIBSA-UREA were made from the spectroscopic data recorded on crude industrial samples. Detailed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) assignments for all three surfactants reported here were utilized to develop a semi-quantitative 13 C-NMR based method for the estimation of the amount of the functionalized surfactant relative to the total PIB content in the industrial concentrates. The results highlight common sources of structure-and concentration-dependent errors in high internal phase emulsion formulations.

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“…This is also reflected by the lesser oxidation, nitration and sulfation indices of oil1 compared to oil2 (Table 2). A second decomposition regime is also evident in the temperature range of 400 to 480 o C, which corresponds to the decomposition of long chain hydrocarbons [43]. The oils pyrolyzed completely below 500 o C without any residual char formation.…”

Section: Thermal Stability Of Aged Engine Oilsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…The contribution of C 31-40 alkanes was 6.34%, 27.38%, 28.16%, 21.92%, 4.95% and 0.0% at 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 and 800 o C, respectively (Figure S6 in supplementary data). Hydrocarbons in the C[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] range, primarily tetratetracontane (C 44 H 90 ) and tetrapentacontane (C 54 H 110 ), were produced only in the temperature range of 300-500 o C. The above observations show that the production of hydrocarbons with C>30 increased with temperature up to 500 o C and then decreased, which…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%