Mass Vaccination of Schoolchildren against Influenza and Its Impact on the Influenza-Associated Mortality Rate among Children in Japan

Sugaya, Norio; Takeuchi, Yoshinao

doi:10.1086/432938

Cited by 44 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay Serum samples collected prior to vaccination and at tonsillectomy were tested by the HI assay. Serial dilutions of serum samples, 8 Hemagglutinating units of the homologous H1N1 and H3N2 vaccine strains and 0.7% turkey red blood cells were employed to measure the serum HI titers following standard procedure. 21,22 Tonsil tissue preparation and RNA isolation A sectioned palatine tonsil (2 £ 10 £ 10 mm) was submerged in PAXgene Ò Blood RNA Tube reagent (PAXgene Blood RNA kit, PreAnalytiX GmbH, Hombrecht, Germany), in order to stabilize intracellular RNA by inhibiting Ribonuclease (RNase) activity and preserve ex-vivo gene expression.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3] Since seasonal influenza can be prevented by vaccination, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends annual vaccination of individuals at increased risk of the complications of influenza. [4][5][6][7] Particularly, young children under the age of 2 are a major source of viral transmission, 8 with the highest morbidity and mortality observed in older patients (>65 years old). Thus, the vaccination of young healthy children may reduce the levels of transmission in society.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The expression of B & T cell activation markers in children's tonsils following live attenuated influenza vaccine

Panapasa¹,

Mohn

Aqrawi³

et al. 2015

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) can prevent influenza illness and death in children. The absence of known correlates of protection induced by LAIV requires human studies of underlying mechanisms of vaccine-induced immunity, to further elucidate the immunological processes occurring. In this study, children scheduled for elective tonsillectomy were enrolled in a clinical trial to evaluate the immune response to LAIV, in order to compare T and B cell gene expression profiles. Twenty-three children (aged 3-17 years) were divided into 4 groups; unvaccinated controls, or vaccinated intranasally with LAIV at days 3-4, 6-7, and 12-15 before tonsillectomy. Total RNA extraction was performed on tonsillar tissue and high RNA quality was assured. The samples were then analyzed using a validated RT2 Profiler PCR Array containing 84 gene-specific primers involved in B and T cell activation, proliferation, differentiation, regulation and polarization. The gene expression after LAIV vaccination was subsequently compared to the controls. We observed that at d 3-4 post vaccination, 6 genes were down-regulated, namely APC, CD3G, FASLG, IL7, CD8A and TLR1. Meanwhile at 6-7 days post vaccination, 9 genes were significantly up-regulated, including RIPK2, TGFB1, MICB, SOCS1, IL2RA, MS4A1, PTPRC, IL2 and IL8. By days 12-15 the genes RIPK2, IL4, IL12B and TLR2 were overexpressed. RIPK2 was upregulated at all 3 time points. Our data suggests an overall proliferation, differentiation and regulation of B and T cells in the tonsils following LAIV, where the majority of genes were up-regulated at days 6-7 and normalized by days 12-15. These findings may provide a first step into defining future biomarkers or correlates of protection after LAIV immunization.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The expression of B & T cell activation markers in children's tonsils following live attenuated influenza vaccine

Panapasa¹,

Mohn

Aqrawi³

et al. 2015

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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show abstract

“…Nos anos de 2003 e 2004, predominou a epidemia de uma cepa variante (A/ Fujian/411/2002), aumentando as complicações destas infecções, assim como a taxa de mortalidade 6 . A interrupção da vacinação contra o vírus associa-se ao aumento da mortalidade de crianças com idade entre um e quatro anos 7 .…”

Section: Vírus Influenzaunclassified

Bronquiolite aguda, uma revisão atualizada

Carvalho¹,

Johnston²,

Fonseca³

2007

Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.

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A BA é a síndrome do sistema ventilatório (SV) mais freqüente e grave que acomete a criança jovem nos dois primeiros anos de vida (sendo encontrada em crianças até 2-3 anos de idade) e o pico de incidência ocorre abaixo dos 12 meses de idade. Tem um padrão epidêmico com prevalência no outono e inverno. Durante o período de inverno, é a causa mais freqüente de hospitalização de lactentes 1 . Inicia-se com os sintomas das infecções virais do SV superior (febre e coriza), que progridem em quatro a seis dias, evoluindo para o acometimento do SV inferior (tosse e chiado).Em geral, é uma doença autolimitada, com uma taxa de mortalidade baixa (<1%), embora possa ser mais elevada (30%) em grupos de crianças de alto risco (prematuros, com displasia broncopulmonar, cardiopatia congênita e imunocomprometidos, desnutridos, entre outros), em que está associada a doença prolongada e maior risco de óbito.Crianças com idade inferior a seis meses apresentam risco de doença grave decorrente da BA. A doença é sazonal e coincide com as epidemias de infecções secundárias a patógenos respiratórios virais 2 . Ocasiona a inflamação e a obstrução dos bronquíolos. O agente etiológico mais freqüente é o VSR, mas a BA também pode ser ocasionada pelo parainfluenza, adenovírus, influenza, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, rinovírus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, metapneumovírus humano e coronavírus. PATÓGENOSV S R O VSR pode ser dividido em dois grandes grupos: A (cepa dominante) e B. Este vírus cresce de maneira ótima no pH de 7,5 e, embora seja sensível à temperatura, é recuperado após mais de uma hora em luvas contaminadas com secreção nasal infectada pelo vírus. Esta estabilidade no ambiente hospitalar contribui para colocá-lo como um patógeno nosocomial. -taquipnéia (FR>60-80irpm ou retrações) -hipóxia (SaO 2 <90%) -dificuldade de se alimentar ou desidratação -idade <12 meses (quanto menor a idade maior o risco) -displasia broncopulmonar -cardiopatia congênita -fibrose cística -imunodeficiência -idade gestacional <36 semanas -desnutrição-baixo poder aquisitivo -aglomeração -pais e/ou familiares fumantes -predisposição genética para infecções por VSR

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“…Yet, when the vaccination campaign was discontinued in 1994 because of the side-effects and lack of confidence, a rapid rebound of mortality to figures observed before vaccination was seen. Moreover, an excess of deaths of young children, estimated at 783 yearly, was observed during the winter seasons of 1990 to 2000 [8].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A new type of vaccine, targeting avian influenza A viruses of the H 5 N 1 subtype [7][8][9][10][11][12] is in elaboration now. Avian influenza and human influenza necessitate different receptors to penetrate the body, the former binds to terminal 2-3 sialyl-galactosyl moieties, the latter to 2-6 sialylgalactosyl moieties.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Should healthy children be vaccinated against influenza? Comments about this query

Corbeel

2006

Eur J Pediatr

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Mass Vaccination of Schoolchildren against Influenza and Its Impact on the Influenza-Associated Mortality Rate among Children in Japan

Cited by 44 publications

References 16 publications

The expression of B & T cell activation markers in children's tonsils following live attenuated influenza vaccine

The expression of B & T cell activation markers in children's tonsils following live attenuated influenza vaccine

Bronquiolite aguda, uma revisão atualizada

Should healthy children be vaccinated against influenza? Comments about this query

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