Massive Transfer Accompanying Proton, Deuteron, and Triton Emission in Heavy-Ion Reactions

Abstract

Fast, forward-peaked protons, deuterons, and tritons observed in the reactions of 135and 165-MeV ^% ions with ^^^'^^Sm and 166-MeV ^^F ions with ^'^Nd are shown to originate in massive-transfer reactions. These reactions are also demonstrated to have merit as probes of angular momentum space in nuclei at very high spin.

Inclusive break-up reactions of 6Li at an incident energy of 26 MeV/nucleon

“…Such incomplete fusion processes (also known as "absorptive break-up", "massive transfer", "internal break-up", "stripping to the continuum") have been experimentally found to contribute predominantly to the inclusive spectra of the emitted partielas [17][18][19] .…”

On the mechanism of (HI, ? x n) reactions

“…We did not consider the possibility of hotspot formation and of pre-equilibrium emission for reasons already mentioned in the introduction. Moreover, particle-7 coincidence experiments [8,29,30] support the assumption that massive transfer is the major source for these fast alpha particles.…”

“…(8) The experimental energy spectra for energetic forward alpha particles exhibit an exponentially decreasing trend [16], suggesting a Gaussian distribution for…”

“…Their angular distributions are forward peaked [4] and their energy spectra are broad and peaked at an energy corresponding to the incident velocity [5]. The forward emission of energetic particles excludes the possi'bility of being emitted from a hot spot [6] since this latter emits particles preferably at angles close to 90 ~ Moreover, in reactions where preequilibrium decay of an excited nucleus is expected [4,7], nucleon emission is more probable than cluster emission, while experiments show that the yield of fast clusters, such as deuterons, tritons and alpha particles is much higher than that of protons [2,8].…”

Spin distribution measurements in 16O+159Tb system: incomplete fusion reactions

“…A classical picture for understanding the ICF reaction process was given by Siwek-Wilczynska et al [17] for a damped projectile. However, Inamura et al [18], Zolnowski et al [19] and, Yamada et al [20] found evidence of PLFs emission through particle-γ coincidence measurements where energetic particles (Z = 1 and 2) are emitted in reactions which lead to partial fusion of the projectile with the target nucleus. The determination of input angular momentum corresponding to the heavy ion induced ICF reactions involving the emission of fast charged particles was studied by Kamanin et al [21].…”