Master curve and time–temperature–transformation cure diagram of lignin–phenolic and phenolic resol resins

Alonso, Mar; Oliet, Mercedes; García, Juan Francisco Blanco; Rodrı́guez, Francisco; Echeverría, J. M.

doi:10.1002/app.25497

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…E of curing reaction of BPR obtained by Kissinger method and Ozawa method are 87.028 kJ mol −1 and 89.462 kJ mol −1 , respectively, which are more than that of virgin PR (∼71.2 kJ mol −1 ). It indicates that the curing of BPR needs more energy and the curing temperatures of BPR are higher than that of virgin PR.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Curing kinetics and curing process of phenolic impregnated carbon ablator

Tian

Huang

2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Phenolic impregnated carbon ablator (PICA), which is composed of the phenolic resin (PR) and carbon fiber, is of particular interest to researchers in the aerospace field. In this work, PICA was prepared by the double-stage isothermal heating curing. Then, the curing kinetics of boron-modified phenolic resin (BPR) was investigated by non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry method in order to optimize the curing temperature of BPR. Further, the effect of the heating rate during curing process on the compressive strength of PICA was discussed in detail. The experimental data show that the curing of BPR needs more energy so that the curing temperature of BPR under different condition is higher than that of virgin PR. Notably, with the increasing heating rate during the curing process, the micro-cracks increase and the compressive strength of PICA decreases. Once the heating rate exceeds a critical value, the micro-cracks no longer increase and the heating rate has insignificant effect on the compressive strength.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Curing kinetics and curing process of phenolic impregnated carbon ablator

Tian

Huang

2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…With consideration of above glass transition temperature increasing trend, it may conclude that changing curing system from peroxide to peroxide–phenolic and phenolic was relatively beneficial for rubber curing process. However, there are two peaks between 100 and 105 °C in DSC thermograms of compounds 2 and 3 which attributed to the phenolic resin crosslinking process in this region . The mentioned phenolic resin residues have not contributed in crosslinking of EPDM macromolecules, and they were still available uncrosslinked in the rubber matrix.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effects of peroxide and phenolic cure systems on characteristics of the filled ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber (EPDM)

Imanifar

Movahed

Ahmadpour

2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The effects of three curing systems, peroxide, peroxide-phenolic combination, and phenolic on selected properties of cured carbon black-filled ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM) were investigated. The cured rubbers immersed in hot amine solution to evaluate their suitability for seal and gasket industry at elevated temperature and amine environments. These tests were essential for evaluating the durability of the gasket in a gas refinery. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrums revealed that the phenolic crosslink was constructed between rubber macromolecules during the curing process. The changing curing system from peroxide to peroxide-phenolic and phenolic increased the glass transition temperature of the filled cured rubbers between 3 and 5 8C. There was not any significant difference between thermogravimetric analysis thermographs of the selected cured rubbers with various cure systems and the residues ranged between 45% and 47%. Unlike of peroxide curing system, a dual phase was observed from scanning electron microscopy micrographs for peroxide-phenolic and phenolic cure systems. The phenolic cure system was not beneficial for rubber curing although, it reduced scorch time of the curing process. For the most studied mechanical properties, phenolic cure system deteriorated mechanical properties for both, aged and unaged cured rubbers. Increasing the amount of diene monomer in EPDM structure was beneficial for phenolic rubber cure system. V C 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46213.

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“…The α-transition peaks on E"(T,d), as well as tanδ(T,d) curves in the leathery state of the blend at temperatures approximately from 266 K to 275 K and from 278 K to 288 K, respectively, correspond to the glass transition of nitrile rubber at temperature T g(NBR) [31]. Mostly very indistinctly double, asymmetric damping peaks with faint interphase between them in the rubbery state of the blend at temperatures approximately between 317 K and 455 K can be associated with the glass transition of melamine resin at temperature T g(MFR) [32] and phenol-formaldehyde resin at temperature T g(PF) [33], respectively. However, these temperatures are, depending on the size of the radiation dose, shifted closer to each other compared to the glass transition temperatures of the individual resins of the blend due to the relatively high degree of miscibility of their molecules and the chemical interactions between their macromolecular segments affected by ionising radiation [8].…”

Section: Dynamic Mechanical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the Stiffness-Temperature Dependence of Resin-Rubber Blends Cured by High-Energy Electron Beam Radiation Using Global Search Genetic Algorithm

Kopal¹,

Vršková

Bakošová³

et al. 2020

Polymers

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Modelling the influence of high-energy ionising radiation on the properties of materials with polymeric matrix using advanced artificial intelligence tools plays an important role in the research and development of new materials for various industrial applications. It also applies to effective modification of existing materials based on polymer matrices to achieve the desired properties. In the presented work, the effects of high-energy electron beam radiation with various doses on the dynamic mechanical properties of melamine resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, and nitrile rubber blend have been studied over a wide temperature range. A new stiffness-temperature model based on Weibull statistics of the secondary bonds breaking during the relaxation transitions has been developed to quantitatively describe changes in the storage modulus with temperature and applied radiation dose until the onset of the temperature of the additional, thermally-induced polymerisation reactions. A global search real-coded genetic algorithm has been successfully applied to optimise the parameters of the developed model by minimising the sum-squared error. An excellent agreement between the modelled and experimental data has been found.

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Master curve and time–temperature–transformation cure diagram of lignin–phenolic and phenolic resol resins

Cited by 13 publications

References 31 publications

Curing kinetics and curing process of phenolic impregnated carbon ablator

Curing kinetics and curing process of phenolic impregnated carbon ablator

Effects of peroxide and phenolic cure systems on characteristics of the filled ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber (EPDM)

Modelling the Stiffness-Temperature Dependence of Resin-Rubber Blends Cured by High-Energy Electron Beam Radiation Using Global Search Genetic Algorithm

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