Mastering the transition: A synthetic literature review of trade adaptation policies

Abstract

OECD Working Papers should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s).

Achieving the transition to net zero in Australia

“…Workers in carbon-intensive industries may face considerable adjustment costs such as losing their wage income, having to search for a new job, learning new skills, and having to move to other locations given that green jobs may not be created in the same locations (Grundke and Arnold, 2022). For example, renewable power generation facilities have to be placed near the natural resource they exploit, unlike fossil fuel power plants (OECD, 2017b).…”

Reaching net zero while safeguarding competitiveness and social cohesion in Germany

“…However, a better balance between measures to improve service qualityin particular through more infrastructure investmentsand reducing fares is needed. For enhancing public transport usage, quality-of-service improvements are at least as important as lowering fares (Graham, Crotte and Anderson, 2009 [146]).…”

Right here, right now? New evidence on the economic effects of services trade reform

“…The model also encompasses year-specific border dummies to control for an overall trend towards services globalisation that is not driven by policy factors, but other determinants, including growth of air traffic and ICT adoption (Benz, Jaax and Yotov, 2022[4]). 8 Bilateral capacities for exports and imports cannot be easily captured in a standard gravity model. A main challenge is that there is no data for bilateral trade capacities.…”

“…The OECD STRI and the intra-EEA STRI are employed as measures of services trade restrictiveness. The STRI is a measure of most favoured nation (MFN) restrictions and does not take into account any specific concessions such as regional trade agreements or existence of mutual recognition agreements (Geloso Grosso et al, 2015 [8]). The intra-EEA STRI database allows for the measurement of services trade restrictiveness within the preferential regime of the EEA, characterised by the freedoms of the internal market (free movement of goods, people, services and capital) and a harmonisation of rules in areas such as competition policy or regulatory transparency (Benz and Gonzales, 2019[32]).…”

“…The STRI is also a measure of MFN restrictions and does not take into account any specific commitments made in regional trade agreements or the existence of mutual recognition agreements (Geloso Grosso et al, 2015 [8]). Answers in the STRI database are based on de jure rules, written down in the laws and regulations of each country.…”