Mastoid infection caused by entomophthorales: a rare fungal disease

Arya, Archana A; Naik, Chetna; Desmukh, S; Babanagare, Shridhar V; Muntode, Pramita

doi:10.1017/s0022215111000661

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The presence of granulocytic cells, including mononuclear macrophages and giant cells, in the infected tissue has been consistently reported for Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus infections and parasitic infections (52,53,90,120,121,(140)(141)(142)(143). The degranulation of these cells at the site of infection has been largely blamed for the tissue damage typically observed in histopathological preparations (52,120,137,138). According to the data shown in Fig.…”

Section: Activation Of Basophils Eosinophils and Mast Cells During supporting

confidence: 53%

“…During entomophthoramycosis, the invading hyphae trigger the migration of numerous inflammatory cells, including high numbers of eosinophils, cytotoxic lymphocytes, giant cells, mast cells, mononuclear macrophages, natural killer cells, and plasma cells and a few neutrophils, to the infection site (53,90,(136)(137)(138)(139). Furthermore, Khan et al (120) reported high levels of Th2 interleukins in human patients with basidiobolomycosis, a finding that supports the tenet that during Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus infections, a Th2 response is likely activated by these fungi.…”

Section: T Helper Subsets During Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The release of IL-4 and IL-13 could also stimulate the production of IgE and IgG antibodies by circulating B cells, as previously reported by some investigators (131-133, 138). IgG antibodies are readily detected by serological methods in cases of human entomoph-thoramycosis (131,132,138). The IgG antibodies released during infection are considered precipitin antibodies that do not protect the host against the invader.…”

Section: Activation Of Basophils Eosinophils and Mast Cells During mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The IgG antibodies released during infection are considered precipitin antibodies that do not protect the host against the invader. Circulating IgE antibodies are probably some of the most important players in tissue damage during Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus infections (120,138,139). The release of IL-5 attracts eosinophils to the IgE Fc region bound to the cell wall of the invading hyphae (Fig.…”

Section: Activation Of Basophils Eosinophils and Mast Cells During mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9). The expression of key Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13) by the stimulated Th2 subset results in the downregulation of the Th1, Th17, and other subsets, ensuring pathogen survival (52,92,137,138,143). This is exemplified by the elevated titers of IL-4, IL-10, and alpha interferon (IFN-␣) in a 41-year-old man with intestinal basidiobolomycosis, implying that a Th2 response was in place in this patient (120).…”

Section: Upregulation Of Th2 Cytokines and Downregulation Of Th1 Durimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Pathogenic Entomophthorales

Vilela

Mendoza

2018

Clin Microbiol Rev

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SUMMARYThe pathogenic entomophthoralean fungi cause infection in insects and mammalian hosts. and species can be found in soil and insect, reptile, and amphibian droppings in tropical and subtropical areas. The life cycles of these fungi occur in these environments where infecting sticky conidia are developed. The infection is acquired by insect bite or contact with contaminated environments through open skin. typically causes chronic rhinofacial disease in immunocompetent hosts, whereas some species can be found in immunocompromised patients. infection is restricted to subcutaneous tissues but may be involved in intestinal and disseminated infections. Its early diagnosis remains challenging due to clinical similarities to other intestinal diseases. Infected tissues characteristically display eosinophilic granulomas with the Splendore-Höeppli phenomenon. However, in immunocompromised patients, the above-mentioned inflammatory reaction is absent. Laboratory diagnosis includes wet mount, culture serological assays, and molecular methodologies. The management of entomophthoralean fungi relies on traditional antifungal therapies, such as potassium iodide (KI), amphotericin B, itraconazole, and ketoconazole, and surgery. These species are intrinsically resistant to some antifungals, prompting physicians to experiment with combinations of therapies. Research is needed to investigate the immunology of entomophthoralean fungi in infected hosts. The absence of an animal model and lack of funding severely limit research on these fungi.

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