Matching Characteristic Research of Building Renewable Energy System Based on Virtual Energy Storage of Air Conditioning Load

Wang, Yongzhen; Hu, Congchuan; Wu, Boyuan; Zhang, Jing; Zi, Z.; Kang, Ligai

doi:10.3390/en13051269

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In addition to traditional objectives, some indicators related to load shifting such as delay losses for interactive workloads or DR compensation were proposed. [102][103][104] The implementation of DC-IES significantly enhances energy efficiency and operating expenses reduction, however, the interplay between diverse energy systems may introduce various operational hazards that threaten the reliability of DCs. To encourage users to transfer into high-output periods of renewable energy sources within a certain range so as to improve environmental protection and low-carbon operation of DCs, a green certificate mechanism was introduced while maximizing operating net profit.…”

Section: Flexible Interactions Between Computing Network and Power Gridmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data center integrated energy system for sustainability: Generalization, approaches, methods, techniques, and future perspectives

Wang,

Han,

Shen

et al. 2024

The Innovation Energy

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<p>The increasing prominence of data centers (DCs) in the global digital economy has raised concerns about energy consumption and carbon emissions. Simultaneously, the rapid advancement of integrated energy systems (IES) has enabled DCs to efficiently harness clean energy and waste heat, contributing to sustainability. A concept of data center integrated energy system (DC-IES) is introduced in this paper, and its generalization, approaches, methods, techniques, and future perspectives are scrutinized on the utilization of renewable energy, recovery of waste heat, construction of producer and consumer and diversity of system architecture, as well as optimization solutions in DC-IES planning and design. The evaluation indicators and optimization objectives of DC-IES are also discussed from perspectives of energy, water, economy, environment and reliability. Furthermore, innovative models are proposed for DC-IES to actively engage in the interaction between computing networks and power grids as well as heating networks respectively, while also emphasizing their associated research through the technical principles, participating elements and benefit impacts. It reveals that the integration of non-interactive workloads in the computing network, along with the utilization of flexible resources from diesel generators and uninterruptible power supply, as well as the implementation of waste heat recovery technologies such as heat pumps and absorption refrigeration systems, will significantly enhance the planning and operation of DC-IES. Finally, a series of challenges and future perspectives related to the reliability and cost-effectiveness encountered in the optimization of DC-IES are revealed.</p>

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Section: Flexible Interactions Between Computing Network and Power Gridmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data center integrated energy system for sustainability: Generalization, approaches, methods, techniques, and future perspectives

Wang,

Han,

Shen

et al. 2024

The Innovation Energy

Self Cite

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“…where ∆τ ca (k) is the time for T in to decrease from T max to T min when the IAC is turned off (as shown in Figure 3b), which is determined by Equation (21). It is assumed that Q IAC and T i sur remain constant during the kth scheduling period.…”

Section: Time-varying Building Virtual Energy Storage Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of electric power for heating, two parameters, the baseline heating power and power reduction, were introduced in [19] to describe the power variation in the VES before and after scheduling. A parameter of charge/discharge power was proposed in [20,21] to quantify the charging and discharging states of the VES. In terms of the electric power range of heating equipment, maximum and minimum electric powers for heating were proposed in [22] to quantify the power scheduling range provided by the VES.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Day‐ahead optimal scheduling of building energy microgrids based on time‐varying virtual energy storage

Zhang

Jia

et al. 2022

IET Renewable Power Gen

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The thermal inertia of a building envelope endows a building with a heat storage capability, introducing scheduling flexibility to a building energy microgrid (BEM). The flexibility is usually modelled as virtual energy storage (VES) and used to optimize the operation of BEMs to reduce electricity costs. However, the VES capacity is impacted by and varies with variations in indoor/outdoor temperature. If only the building envelope's effect on heat transfer is considered, without proper quantification of scheduling flexibility provided by the building envelope, the scheduling scheme (especially VES charging/discharging schemes) will deviate from the actual VES operating conditions, which may affect the thermal comfort of individuals in buildings or bring high electricity costs. In this paper, a time-varying building VES model (TVES) with three time-varying parameters (virtual electric capacity (VEC), state of charge (SOC), and charge and discharge power) is proposed to quantify the electricity storage capability of the VES at different time periods for participating in operation of the BEM. Based on the TVES, a day-ahead optimal scheduling strategy is developed for the BEM to simultaneously reduce the electricity cost and guarantee the user's thermal comfort, where the proposed time-varying parameters of TVES are taken as constraints in the optimization. Numerical studies verify the effectiveness of the proposed TVES and optimal scheduling strategy.

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“…According to Zhang [12], a high-precision AC load aggregation model is established based on the second-order equivalent thermal parameter (ETP) model of the AC load, meanwhile, the AC cluster control strategy is designed to provide various demand response services such as frequency adjustment and peak shaving. According to Wang [13], the AC load is equivalent to a VES device base on the second-order equivalent thermal parameter model of the AC load, which improves the matching characteristics of the system, reduces the discharge depth and increases the life of the battery. However, model parameters based on the ETP are not easy to obtain, which increases the complexity of research.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Scheduling Strategy of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Microgrid Considering Virtual Energy Storage

Zeng

et al. 2020

Applied Sciences

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Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) is one of the most efficient ways to utilize renewable energy in buildings. However, the stochastic characteristic of PV power generation and load challenges the optimal dispatch of the BIPV. This paper proposes an optimal scheduling strategy of BIPV microgrid considering virtual energy storage (VES), which intends to further improve the operating economy of a BIPV microgrid. Firstly, existing research findings and gaps in this research area were analyzed. Then, the mathematical model of each unit in the system was created, meanwhile, the air conditioner-based VES (ACVES) model and electric water heater-based VES (EWHVES) model are built by exploiting the heat/cold storage capability of building and the electric water heater, respectively. Next, the optimal scheduling model considering the VES is designed. Finally, the optimal scheduling model is solved by CPLEX to obtain the optimal scheduling strategy that reduces the operating cost of the system. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can reduce the operating cost of the system. Furthermore, the VES shows the potential to replace the battery energy storage system.

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Matching Characteristic Research of Building Renewable Energy System Based on Virtual Energy Storage of Air Conditioning Load

Cited by 9 publications

References 16 publications

Data center integrated energy system for sustainability: Generalization, approaches, methods, techniques, and future perspectives

Data center integrated energy system for sustainability: Generalization, approaches, methods, techniques, and future perspectives

Day‐ahead optimal scheduling of building energy microgrids based on time‐varying virtual energy storage

Optimal Scheduling Strategy of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Microgrid Considering Virtual Energy Storage

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