“…It has been known for a while now that the very act of mating, in many cases, is often associated with some form of physical and/or physiological harm to females, as a result of male reproductive strategies [ 7 , 8 ]. There is evidence of male induced harm to female which ranges from forced mating in flies, butterflies, fish, frogs, birds, and primates [ 9 – 12 ] to traumatic insemination in bedbugs [ 13 ]. Studies from fruitflies, butterflies, and worms show that even if males do not directly (physically) harm females, molecular components of the male ejaculate contribute to the reduction of female's lifespan [ 14 – 16 ].…”