Mate detection and seasonal variation in stick insect mating behaviour (Phamatodea: Clitarchus hookeri)

Myers, Shelley S.; Buckley, Thomas R.; Holwell, Gregory I.

doi:10.1163/1568539x-00003281

Cited by 18 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In the phylogeny, OBP1 is closely clustered with the two Z. nevadensis PBPs ( OBP1 and OBP2 ) ( Fig 5 ), indicating the C. hookeri OBP1 is most likely a PBP. A recent study has demonstrated that male C. hookeri detects females using airborne chemical cues, most likely pheromones emitted by the females [ 7 ]. The presence of a higher density of basiconic sensilla on male than female antennae further indicates that males are responsible for long range pheromone reception [ 7 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study has demonstrated that male C. hookeri detects females using airborne chemical cues, most likely pheromones emitted by the females [ 7 ]. The presence of a higher density of basiconic sensilla on male than female antennae further indicates that males are responsible for long range pheromone reception [ 7 ]. Therefore, a high abundance of a PBP transcript in a C. hookeri female antennae seems unexpected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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De Novo Transcriptome Analysis of the Common New Zealand Stick Insect Clitarchus hookeri (Phasmatodea) Reveals Genes Involved in Olfaction, Digestion and Sexual Reproduction

Crowhurst

Dennis

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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Phasmatodea, more commonly known as stick insects, have been poorly studied at the molecular level for several key traits, such as components of the sensory system and regulators of reproduction and development, impeding a deeper understanding of their functional biology. Here, we employ de novo transcriptome analysis to identify genes with primary functions related to female odour reception, digestion, and male sexual traits in the New Zealand common stick insect Clitarchus hookeri (White). The female olfactory gene repertoire revealed ten odorant binding proteins with three recently duplicated, 12 chemosensory proteins, 16 odorant receptors, and 17 ionotropic receptors. The majority of these olfactory genes were over-expressed in female antennae and have the inferred function of odorant reception. Others that were predominantly expressed in male terminalia (n = 3) and female midgut (n = 1) suggest they have a role in sexual reproduction and digestion, respectively. Over-represented transcripts in the midgut were enriched with digestive enzyme gene families. Clitarchus hookeri is likely to harbour nine members of an endogenous cellulase family (glycoside hydrolase family 9), two of which appear to be specific to the C. hookeri lineage. All of these cellulase sequences fall into four main phasmid clades and show gene duplication events occurred early in the diversification of Phasmatodea. In addition, C. hookeri genome is likely to express γ-proteobacteria pectinase transcripts that have recently been shown to be the result of horizontal transfer. We also predicted 711 male terminalia-enriched transcripts that are candidate accessory gland proteins, 28 of which were annotated to have molecular functions of peptidase activity and peptidase inhibitor activity, two groups being widely reported to regulate female reproduction through proteolytic cascades. Our study has yielded new insights into the genetic basis of odour detection, nutrient digestion, and male sexual traits in stick insects. The C. hookeri reference transcriptome, together with identified gene families, provides a comprehensive resource for studying the evolution of sensory perception, digestive systems, and reproductive success in phasmids.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

De Novo Transcriptome Analysis of the Common New Zealand Stick Insect Clitarchus hookeri (Phasmatodea) Reveals Genes Involved in Olfaction, Digestion and Sexual Reproduction

Crowhurst

Dennis

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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“…In New Zealand, most northern populations of the common diploid stick insect C. hookeri have an even sex ratio and all reproduction is assumed to be sexual (Langton‐Myers, Holwell, & Buckley, ; Morgan‐Richards, Trewick, & Stringer, ; Myers, Buckley, & Holwell, ; Myers, Holwell, & Buckley, ), but males are absent from many southern locations (Figure ). A widespread parthenogenetic lineage appears to have resulted from range expansion by a single mtDNA lineage (Buckley, Marske, & Attanayake, ; Morgan‐Richards et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In New Zealand, most northern populations of the common diploid stick insect C. hookeri have an even sex ratio and all reproduction is assumed to be sexual (Langton- Myers, Holwell, & Buckley, 2019;Morgan-Richards, Trewick, & Stringer, 2010;Myers, Buckley, & Holwell, 2015;Myers, Holwell, & Buckley, 2017), but males are absent from many southern locations ( Figure 1 (Buckley, Marske, & Attanayake, 2010;Morgan-Richards et al, 2010). Throughout the southern and eastern North Island and eastern South Island of New Zealand ( Figure 2), reproduction is inferred to be entirely parthenogenetic (Wu, Twort, Crowhurst, Newcomb, & Buckley, 2017); males have been recorded only sporadically and at very low density (Buckley et al, 2010;Morgan-Richards et al, 2010).…”

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Loss and gain of sexual reproduction in the same stick insect

2019

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The outcome of competition between different reproductive strategies within a single species can be used to infer selective advantage of the winning strategy. Where multiple populations have independently lost or gained sexual reproduction it is possible to investigate whether the advantage is contingent on local conditions. In the New Zealand stick insect Clitarchus hookeri, three populations are distinguished by recent change in reproductive strategy and we determine their likely origins. One parthenogenetic population has established in the United Kingdom and we provide evidence that sexual reproduction has been lost in this population. We identify the sexual population from which the parthenogenetic population was derived, but show that the UK females have a post‐mating barrier to fertilisation. We also demonstrate that two sexual populations have recently arisen in New Zealand within the natural range of the mtDNA lineage that otherwise characterizes parthenogenesis in this species. We infer independent origins of males at these two locations using microsatellite genotypes. In one population, a mixture of local and nonlocal alleles suggested males were the result of invasion. Males in another population were most probably the result of loss of an X chromosome that produced a male phenotype in situ. Two successful switches in reproductive strategy suggest local competitive advantage for outcrossing over parthenogenetic reproduction. Clitarchus hookeri provides remarkable evidence of repeated and rapid changes in reproductive strategy, with competitive outcomes dependent on local conditions.

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“…that are among the first native plants to colonize cleared land (Dawson & Lucas, 2000). At night C. hookeri males are very mobile while females tend to remain inactive up until their first mating opportunity (Myers et al, 2015). Therefore, populations of Clitarchus species likely have the ability to quickly expand their distributions, increasing their chances of inter-species interactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and morphometric data demonstrate alternative consequences of secondary contact inClitarchusstick insects

Myers

Holwell

Buckley

2017

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim Comparisons of independent secondary contact events provide insights into allopatric speciation. The geographic distribution of Clitarchus stick insects across northern New Zealand corresponds to islands that existed in the Pliocene. Subsequent joining to the mainland provided multiple opportunities for secondary contact. We address the hypothesis that secondary contact has similar effects on parental species, across two peninsulas, due to the simultaneous removal of allopatric barriers. Location Northland, New Zealand Methods We explore how genetic structure relates to morphological variation and biogeographical history of Clitarchus hookeri and C. tepaki. Mitochondrial DNA sequences were used to reconstruct phylogenetical relationships. Population structure was estimated using 14 microsatellite markers. We analysed genital morphology and genetic structure within a biogeographical context to identify the consequences of independent secondary contact events. Results Geographical patterns of genital shape indicate two independent hybrid swarms occur between C. hookeri and C. tepaki. Haplotype distributions and Bayesian cluster analyses reveal C. tepaki from the Aupouri Peninsula are distinguished from C. hookeri on the basis of both genetic structure and morphology. Clitarchus tepaki on the Karikari Peninsula did not group phylogenetically or through Bayesian clustering with C. tepaki from the Aupouri Peninsula. We observed a hybrid swarm along the Aupouri Peninsula. Main conclusions Clitarchus species were separated on Pliocene islands and then subsequently made independent secondary contact as land connections formed. Clitarchus tepaki on the Aupouri Peninsula maintained genetic integrity; whereas we hypothesize genetic swamping has occurred on Karikari Peninsula. Our data demonstrate different outcomes of independent secondary contact events.

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Mate detection and seasonal variation in stick insect mating behaviour (Phamatodea: Clitarchus hookeri)

Cited by 18 publications

References 51 publications

De Novo Transcriptome Analysis of the Common New Zealand Stick Insect Clitarchus hookeri (Phasmatodea) Reveals Genes Involved in Olfaction, Digestion and Sexual Reproduction

De Novo Transcriptome Analysis of the Common New Zealand Stick Insect Clitarchus hookeri (Phasmatodea) Reveals Genes Involved in Olfaction, Digestion and Sexual Reproduction

Loss and gain of sexual reproduction in the same stick insect

Genetic and morphometric data demonstrate alternative consequences of secondary contact inClitarchusstick insects

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