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MonogamyMonogamy is the nearly exclusive association of one male with one female for one or more breeding attempts; it is characteristic of birds, but rare in other taxa (Mock and Fujioka 1990). The recent explosion in use of molecular markers has shown that this apparently simple mating system frequently involves more than just a single pair of birds. In monogamous species, observations have been frequently documented of pair-bonded individuals copulating with individuals other than their mates (see reviews in Birkhead 1987), but the genetic consequence of these "extra-pair copulations" (EPCs) were li...