Material characterization of a pultrusion specific and highly reactive polyurethane resin system: Elastic modulus, rheology, and reaction kinetics

Yuksel, Onur; Sandberg, Michael; Baran, İsmet; Ersoy, Nuri; Hattel, Jesper Henri; Akkerman, Remko

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108543

Cited by 38 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…On the other hand, for the case of thermosets applied in the polymer composite industry, the processing window is usually deducted from chemoviscosity profiles. 39 For example, if infusion 40 is used as the manufacturing process, it might be argued that having an apparent viscosity below 1000 mPa.s is a key prerequisite for the successful application of a thermosetting polymer. 28 For this reason, we have reported the chemoviscosity profile of the proposed formulation (see Section 3.1.3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic and chemorheological modeling of thermosetting polyurethanes obtained from an epoxidized soybean oil polyol crosslinked with glycerin

Armanasco

D’hers

Chiacchiarelli

2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Thermosetting polyurethanes were obtained using an aromatic isocyanate and a hydrophobic polyol formulation obtained from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) crosslinked with glycerin. A systematic DSC analysis of the effect of catalyst type, crosslinker concentration, isocyanate index and ESO crystallization on cure kinetics was conducted. The combination of a stannic catalyst at 0.2 wt% and glycerin at 20 wt% produced a cure kinetics governed by an autocatalytic heat flow where vitrification played a key role in the formation of chemical bonds. The evolution of T g as a function of conversion, which followed Di-Benedetto's predictions, supported the hypothesis that vitrification was a preponderant phenomenon during cure. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) of a post-cured sample revealed a Tg centered at 220 C, whereas quasi-static flexural mechanical tests shown a flexural modulus of 2.14 GPa and a flexural strength of 99.4 MPa. Rheological experiments at isothermal conditions supported the hypothesis that vitrification played a key role in the evolution of apparent viscosity. A master model using Kim-Macosko equations was obtained for the proposed formulation. The results presented in this work will serve to further extend the use of biobased polymers applied in the polymer composite industry.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic and chemorheological modeling of thermosetting polyurethanes obtained from an epoxidized soybean oil polyol crosslinked with glycerin

Armanasco

D’hers

Chiacchiarelli

2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The hydrogels' loss factor (tan δ) was measured from the frequency test at 0.1 Hz, indicating how a material can absorb and dissipate energy in response to deformation. 37 Tan δ for the Ch and Alg hydrogels were around 0.001, indicating that the Ch and Alg hydrogels were highly elastic and brittle, while DCCA hydrogel exhibited a tan δ of 0.06, showing that the DCCA hydrogel is much more viscous than the Ch, and Alg hydrogels which can dissipate energy during the deformation. 38 This phenomenon is due to the synergy of covalent enzymatic crosslinking of a brittle irreversible bond and dynamic non-covalent electrostatic interaction as a weak and recoverable bond.…”

Section: Viscoelastic Properties Of Hydrogelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic complexation of phenol functionalized polymer induced in situ microfiber formation for 3D printing of marine-based hydrogels

et al. 2022

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“…The corresponding material models, namely the cure kinetics and CHILE (cure hardening instantaneous linear elastic) models, are briefly presented in this study. Readers are referred to [41,42] for detailed information about the characterization of the material systems used in pultrusion.…”

Section: Chemical and Thermo-mechanical Materials Models Of Polyester Resinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesoscale Process Modeling of a Thick Pultruded Composite with Variability in Fiber Volume Fraction

et al. 2021

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Pultruded fiber-reinforced polymer composites are susceptible to microstructural nonuniformity such as variability in fiber volume fraction (Vf), which can have a profound effect on process-induced residual stress. Until now, this effect of non-uniform Vf distribution has been hardly addressed in the process models. In the present study, we characterized the Vf distribution and accompanying nonuniformity in a unidirectional fiber-reinforced pultruded profile using optical light microscopy. The identified nonuniformity in Vf was subsequently implemented in a mesoscale thermal–chemical–mechanical process model, developed explicitly for the pultrusion process. In our process model, the constitutive material behavior was defined locally with respect to the corresponding fiber volume fraction value in different-sized representative volume elements. The effect of nonuniformity on the temperature and cure degree evolution, and residual stress was analyzed in depth. The results show that the nonuniformity in fiber volume fraction across the cross-section increased the absolute magnitude of the predicted residual stress, leading to a more scattered residual stress distribution. The observed Vf gradient promotes tensile residual stress at the core and compressive residual stress at the outer regions. Consequently, it is concluded that it is essential to take the effects of nonuniformity in fiber distribution into account for residual stress estimations, and the proposed numerical framework was found to be an efficient tool to study this aspect.

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Material characterization of a pultrusion specific and highly reactive polyurethane resin system: Elastic modulus, rheology, and reaction kinetics

Cited by 38 publications

References 37 publications

Kinetic and chemorheological modeling of thermosetting polyurethanes obtained from an epoxidized soybean oil polyol crosslinked with glycerin

Kinetic and chemorheological modeling of thermosetting polyurethanes obtained from an epoxidized soybean oil polyol crosslinked with glycerin

Synergistic complexation of phenol functionalized polymer induced in situ microfiber formation for 3D printing of marine-based hydrogels

Mesoscale Process Modeling of a Thick Pultruded Composite with Variability in Fiber Volume Fraction

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