“…Boundary integral equation (BIE) methods, on the other hand, avoid volume discretization altogether for linear partial differential equations (PDEs) and are highly scalable even for moving geometry problems [22]. While BIE methods have been used widely for shape optimization problems, including in linear elasticity, acoustics, electrostatics, electromagnetics and heat flow (e.g., [17,33,2,31,10]), we are not aware of their application to optimization of peristaltic pumps transporting simple (or complex) fluids.…”