Material Evidence of Sediments Recovered from Ancient Amphorae Found at the Potaissa Roman Fortress

Farcas, Iulia Alexandra; Dippong, Thomas; Petean, Ioan; Moldovan, Mărioara; Filip, M; Ciotlaus, Irina; Barbu–Tudoran, Lucian; Borodi, Gheorghe; Paltinean, Gertrud Alexandra; Pripon, Emanoil; Bunea, Claudiu Ioan

doi:10.3390/ma16072628

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Both original coins were subjected to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation; the obtained patterns are presented in Figure 3. The XRD pattern for the original from 1620 is dominated by the Ag peaks, which are very well developed, and a single copper peak is visible (Figure 3); thus, applying the RIR method [10,24,25] results in a weight composition of 93.17% Ag and 6.83% Cu, fact in good agreement with EDS observation. The original coin issued in 1620 presents sharp details of the impression with significant wear marks on the top of the inscriptions (Figure 2a).…”

Section: Original 3-polkerssupporting

confidence: 74%

Ag and Sn Implications in 3-Polker Coins Forgeries Evidenced by Nondestructive Methods

Petean,

Paltinean,

Taut

et al. 2023

Materials

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Several forged 3-Polker coins have been reported in historical sources on the financial crisis that occurred between 1619 and 1623 at the start of the 30-year-long war. Supposedly, belligerent countries forged other countries’ coins which were then used for external payments as a war strategy. Thus, a lot of 3-Polker coins (e.g., Sigismund-III-type) were forged, and the markets became flooded with poor currency. In the present day, these pre-modern forgeries are rare archeological findings. Only five forged 3-Polker coins randomly found in Transylvania were available for the current study. There are deeper implications of silver and tin in the forgery techniques that need to be considered. Thus, the forged 3-Polker coins were investigated via nondestructive methods: SEM microscopy coupled with EDS elemental spectroscopy for complex microstructural characterization and XRD for phase identification. Three distinct types of forgery methods were identified: the amalgam method is the first used for copper blank silvering (1620), and immersion in melted silver (1621) is the second one. Both methods were used to forge coins with proper legends and inscriptions. The third method is the tin plating of copper coins (with corrupted legend and altered design) (1622, 1623, and 1624). The EDS investigation revealed Hg traces inside the compact silver crusts for the first type and the elongated silver crystallites in the immersion direction, which are well-attached to the copper core for the second type. The third forgery type has a rich tin plating with the superficial formation of Cu6Sn5 compound that assures a good resistance of the coating layer. Therefore, this type should have been easily recognized as fake by traders, while the first two types require proper weighing and margin clipping to ensure their quality.

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Section: Original 3-polkerssupporting

confidence: 74%

Ag and Sn Implications in 3-Polker Coins Forgeries Evidenced by Nondestructive Methods

Petean,

Paltinean,

Taut

et al. 2023

Materials

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“…Silanized quartz particles are evidenced by silicate-specific absorption bands at 1034 cm −1 , belonging to in-plane Si-O stretching; 815 cm −1 belongs to the Si-O stretching of quartz [ 45 , 46 , 47 ]. The polymer matrix is very well evidenced by specific chemical bonds such as 1162 cm −1 , related to C-O stretching; 1455 cm −1 , related to C-H bending; 1367 cm −1 , related to C=C stretching; 1720 cm −1 , related to C=O stretching within carboxylic units of Bis-GMA.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Study of Composite Cements on Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Palatal Origin

Ardelean

Dragomir

Moldovan

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Uniform filler distribution in composites is an important requirement. Therefore, BaO glass, nano hydroxyapatite and quartz filler distribution was realized through PCL microcapsules which progressively release filler during matrix polymerization. Two composites were realized based on a complex matrix containing BisGMA, UDMA, HEMA and PEG400 mixed with a previously described mineral filler: 33% for C1 and 31% for C2. The spreading efficiency was observed via SEM, revealing a complete disintegration of the microcapsules during C1 polymerization, while C2 preserved some microcapsule parts that were well embedded into the matrix beside BaO filler particles; this was confirmed by means of the EDS spectra. Mesenchymal stem cells of palatal origin were cultured on the composites for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level was measured at each time interval and the cytotoxicity was tested after 3, 5 and 7 days of co-culture on the composite samples. The SEM investigation showed that both composites allowed for robust proliferation of the cells. The MSC cell pluripotency stage was observed from 1 to 3 days with an average level of ALP of 209.2 u/L for C1 and 193.0 u/L for C2 as well as a spindle cell morphology. Cell differentiation occurred after 5 and 7 days of culture, implied by morphological changes such as flattened, star and rounded shapes, observed via SEM, which were correlated with an increased ALP level (279.4 u/L for C1 and 284.3 u/L for C2). The EDX spectra after 7 days of co-culture revealed increasing amounts of P and Ca close to the hydroxyapatite stoichiometry, indicating the stimulation of the osteoinductive behavior of MSCs by C1 and C2. The MTT assay test showed a cell viability of 98.08% for C1 and 97.33% for C2 after 3 days, proving the increased biocompatibility of the composite samples. The cell viability slightly decreased at 5 and 7 days but the results were still excellent: 89.5% for C1 and 87.3% for C2. Thus, both C1 and C2 are suitable for further in vivo testing.

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“…The slurry samples' minerals amount was determined using the reference intensity ratio method (RIR), which was previously described in the literature [36,37]. The obtained values were correlated with the particle sizes range measured on the MOM images and further centralized in Table 2.…”

Section: Microstructure and Composition Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural Investigations Regarding Sustainable Recycling of Ceramic Slurry Collected from Industrial Waste Waters

Avram,

Barbu Tudoran,

Cuc

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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Ceramic slurry wastes have a significant hazardous potential when dumped. Their recycling as raw material is a sustainable approach for the development of nature-friendly applications. The microstructure and mechanical properties play a key role in the success of this sustainable recycling. Ceramic slurry samples resulting from the wall and floor tiles production facility were analyzed. The mineral composition was investigated by XRD combined with mineralogical microscopy and the microstructure was investigated by SEM microscopy coupled with EDX spectroscopy and elemental mapping. The ceramic slurry contains: quartz, kaolinite, mullite and small amounts of lepidocrocite. Quartz and mullite particles have sizes in the range of 5–100 μm and kaolinite has small particles of around 1 to 30 μm. Iron hydroxide crystallized as lepidocrocite is finely distributed among kaolinite aggregates. It makes the slurry unable to be reused in the technological process because of the glaze staining risk, but it does not affect the material cohesion. Thus, the cylindrical samples were prepared at progressive compactions rates as follows: 1808.55; 1853.46; 1930.79 and 2181.24 kg/m3 and dried. Thereafter, were subjected to a compression test with a lower compression strength of 0.75 MPa for lower density and a higher strength of 1.36 MPa for the higher density. Thus, slurry compaction enhances the kaolinite binding ability. The Young’s Modulus slightly decreases with the compaction increasing due to local microstructure rigidizing. This proves the binding ability of kaolinite, which properly embeds quartz and mullite particles into a coherent and resistant structure. The fractography analysis reveals that fracture starts on the internal pores at low compaction rates and throughout the kaolinite layer in the samples with high compactness. The observed properties indicate that the investigated ceramic slurry is proper as a clay-based binder for sustainable ecological buildings, avoiding the exploitation of new clay quarries. Also, it might be utilized for ecological brick production.

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Material Evidence of Sediments Recovered from Ancient Amphorae Found at the Potaissa Roman Fortress

Cited by 3 publications

References 47 publications

Ag and Sn Implications in 3-Polker Coins Forgeries Evidenced by Nondestructive Methods

Ag and Sn Implications in 3-Polker Coins Forgeries Evidenced by Nondestructive Methods

In Vitro Study of Composite Cements on Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Palatal Origin

Microstructural Investigations Regarding Sustainable Recycling of Ceramic Slurry Collected from Industrial Waste Waters

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