Material properties and local stability of WAAM stainless steel equal angle sections

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Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has the potential to produce free form metallic structures, suitable for use in the construction industry, and so is currently being rapidly developed by structural engineers. This paper details an experimental program investigating the stability performance of ten WAAM 316L stainless steel square hollow section stub columns with varying cross‐sectional slenderness. Tensile coupon tests were also carried out to determine the material properties of the WAAM builds in three different directions relative to the printing direction. The tensile coupon tests revealed a high degree of anisotropy while the ductility requirements set out by Eurocode 3 are met by all coupons. Two different thickness parameters (i.e. average thickness and average minimum thickness) were obtained through geometric analysis of the stub columns, and are used in conjunction with Eurocode 3 design rules for conventional stainless steels. The predictions to the load‐carrying capacities offered by these two design treatments were compared with the stub column test results, confirming the applicability of the current Eurocode 3 design rule, along with recommended design treatments.

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 94%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 58%

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Experimental Study on the Local Buckling Response of WAAM Stainless Steel Square Hollow Sections

Evans,

Xu,

Wang

2023

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“…The tensile testing was conducted at the Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering at the University of Bath. Following the same procedure as in [14,15], the coupons were tested at room temperature using displacement control (such that the estimated strain rates over the parallel length met the requirements in EN ISO 6892-1 [16]) on an Instron 3369 50 kN testing frame. The displacement rate was changed when it was clear that the stress-strain graph had started to curve, ensuring a strain rate ≤0.00007 s -1 in the elastic range and ≤0.00024 s -1 in the plastic range.…”

Section: Tensile Coupon Test Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Deposition Rate on Local Stability of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Outstand Elements

Evans,

Hadjipantelis,

Wang

2023

Self Cite

A great focus is currently being placed on the development of applications of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) in structural engineering. To facilitate this development, an experimental programme investigating the effects of the deposition rate on WAAM 316LSi stainless steel outstand elements has been conducted. Equal angle section (EAS) stub columns with four different cross‐sectional slendernesses were produced using WAAM. For each slenderness, four different deposition rates were employed; hence, overall, sixteen EAS stub columns were produced, 3D scanned and tested to examine their local stability. To keep the heat input constant between all cases, for each deposition rate, the travel speed was varied accordingly. Alongside the EAS specimens, tensile coupon testing was conducted to determine the material properties corresponding to each deposition rate. The tensile coupons were extracted at three different orientations (0°, 45° and 90°) relative to the deposition direction in order to investigate the degree of material anisotropy. In the present paper, following the description of the EAS stub column test results, the applicability of current Eurocode design rules and the Continuous Strength Method for the prediction of their design strength is assessed.

Wire‐and‐Arc Additive Manufacturing for lattice steel structures: overview of the experimental characterization on dot‐by‐dot rods

Arrè,

Laghi,

Palermo

et al. 2023

With the advent of a new arc‐based additive manufacturing (AM) process, referred to as Wire‐and‐Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM), the scale of the metal printed parts increased up to several meters, thus becoming suitable for large‐scale applications in marine, aerospace and construction sectors. However, specific considerations in terms of geometrical and mechanical properties ought to be made in order to effectively use the printed outcomes for structural engineering purposes. The introduction of the novel printing strategy referred to as “dot‐by‐dot”, consisting in successive drops of molten metal, enabled the use of WAAM to realize complex lattice structures, made by continuous grids of WAAM rods. Nevertheless, their proper design requires an accurate evaluation of the influence of the non‐negligible inherent geometrical irregularities on the mechanical response of the rods. Hence, extensive experimental work is needed in order to evaluate the mechanical response of “dot‐by‐dot” WAAM rods with geometrical imperfections. The present study focuses on the mechanical characterization of dot‐by‐dot WAAM‐produced 304L stainless steel intersected rods, constituting the basic units of grid and lattice structures. The mechanical response of the specimens is assessed through tensile experimental tests conducted on two‐ways planar nodes obtained from the intersection of two rods with different angles, hereafter also refereed to as crossed rods. The experimental results are then compared with tensile tests on single rods, to quantify the influence of the intersection angle in the structural response of the lattice structures.