Material Source and Genesis of the Daocaowan Sb Deposit in the Xikuangshan Ore Field: LA-ICP-MS Trace Elements and Sulfur Isotope Evidence from Stibnite

Abstract

The Daocaowan antimony (Sb) deposit is a newly discovered Sb deposit located outside the northeast Xikuangshan ore field. In the absence of geochemical data, the metallogenic mechanism of the Daocaowan Sb deposit and its relationship with the Xikuangshan ore field remains unclear. Using high-resolution LA-ICP-MS technique, this study quantitatively determined the in-situ S isotope values and trace element composition of stibnite from the Daocaowan Sb deposit in South China to investigate the source of ore-forming materials and genesis of this deposit. The trace element compositions of stibnite from the Daocaowan Sb deposit revealed the form of occurrence and substitution mechanism of trace elements in stibnite, providing new constraints for explaining the genesis of Sb deposits. The relatively smooth LA-ICP-MS profiles indicate that As, Cu, Hg, and Pb primarily occur as solid solutions in stibnite. Therefore, we speculate that the substitution 3Sb3+↔As3+ + 2Cu+ + Hg2+ + Pb2+ may be the reason for the enrichment of As, Cu, Hg, and Pb in stibnite. A comparison with the Xikuangshan Sb deposit reveals the metallogenic mechanism of the Daocaowan Sb deposit, and the relationship between the two. With the exception of higher content of Fe in Stibnite from the Daocaowan deposit as compared to the Xikuangshan deposit, other trace elements are similar between the two deposits. The results show that the Daocaowan and Xikuangshan Sb deposits may have the same source of ore-forming fluids. We propose that the ore-forming fluid flowed through the Xikuangshan Sb deposit along the F75 fault and dissolved pyrite in the wall rock. Subsequently this fluid containing a high concentration of Fe precipitated and mineralized at Daocaowan. Meanwhile, the S isotope value of the Daocaowan Sb deposit (+6.65 to +9.29‰) is consistent with that of the Xikuangshan, proving that the ore-forming materials of the two deposits are from the same source, probably the basement strata. We propose that the Daocaowan Sb deposit is part of the Xikuangshan ore field, indicating a great prospecting potential in the northeast of the Xikuangshan ore field.

Review: Sulfur Analysis using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

“…LA-MC-ICP-MS was used to analyze sulfur isotopes in various mineral and rock samples, such as chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrite, sulfide, magnetite, pyrrhotite, gelena, stibnite, and zircon. 8,19,20,27,32,33,38,39,41,72,49,58,68,80,88,95,97,101,104,105,109,110 Reference materials and calibration standards are important in the LA-MC-ICP-MS analysis of sulfur isotopes. Multiple studies have reported the preparation and evaluation of reference materials or standards, including chalcopyrite, sphalerite, sulfide, and pyrite.…”

“…Plasma-induced fractionation during sulfur isotope measurements is reportedly due to the valence state difference of sulfur, such as sulfates (S +6 ) and sulfides (S −2 ). 8 LA-MC-ICP-MS was used to analyze sulfur isotopes to characterize the mineralization of lead-zinc, gold, coppermolybdenum-lead-zinc, and antimony deposits, 42,58,95,140,109 as well as to investigate ore-forming processes. 19,49…”