“…Libersky et al [71] were the first to employ SPH in solid mechanics (impact). Since the original SPH version suffered from spurious instabilities and inconsistencies [97,9,101], many improvements were incorporated into SPH [12,88,20,21,61,62,35,36,100,105]. While SPH and their corrected versions were based on a strong form, other methods were developed in the 1990s, based on a weak form.…”