Material, Technology and Meaning: Antler Artefacts and Antler Working on the Eastern Shore of the Baltic Sea in the Late Bronze Age

The article discusses artefacts made of osseous materials found in the Late Bronze Age fortified settlement sites in north-eastern Lithuania. Earlier, Bronze Age bone items from three Lithuanian sites – Narkūnai, Nevieriškė and Kereliai – have been analysed more thoroughly. Of sites discussed here, Sokiškiai has been archaeologically investigated in the beginning of the 1980-ies. In recent years, research has been carried out on the fortified settlements of Mineikiškės and Garniai I. 14C AMS dates have been used to date new sites as well as to specify the dates of previously studied settlements. During this research, approximately half a hundred bone, antler and tooth objects were examined, and the material used to make them was determined, if possible up to the species and skeletal part. Among the materials used, bone predominated, antler was used less, and teeth were used in only a few cases. An overview is given of the common types of bone objects, the processing techniques used to make them and the uses of the objects. The majority of tools are chisels and scrapers, and awls and points, many of which could have been used as leather working tools. The third major group of finds is bone pins, which testify to the clothing fashion that needed pins for attachment. Comparing the finds of Late Bronze Age fortified settlements in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Byelorussia, greater similarity can be observed in certain types of bone artefacts in south-eastern Latvia, north-western Byelorussia, and north-eastern Lithuania.

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“…XXVI: 6-7;Lang, 1996, pl. VIII: 1-2, 5;Luik, 2010;2011;2013, p. 395 ff., fig. 9-10, 14;Sperling et al, 2021, p. 60-61, fig.…”

Section: Antler Artefacts and Working Wasteunclassified

“…All these working methods have been also used at other Lithuanian Late Bronze Age fortified settlement sites, and also in Latvia and Estonia (Luik & Maldre, 2007;Luik, 2011;2013).…”

Section: Manufacturing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Bones, Bone Artefacts and Bone Working at Late Bronze Age Fortified Settlements in North-Eastern Lithuania: Sokiškiai, Mineikiškės and Garniai I

Luik

Piličiauskienė

Podėnas

et al. 2022

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“…Therefore, for online assessment tools to be effectively utilized in tertiary institutions, lecturers, administrators, and students should become familiar with these assessment tools. It is important that users have the basic knowledge, competencies, and skills required for the effective use of online assessment tools [59] in spite of the challenges influencing their utilization in higher education settings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer educators' perception of the utilization of online assessment in the Covid‐19 era

Eloanyi

Olelewe

2023

Comp Applic In Engineering

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The proliferation of ICT in today's world of work particularly in education has necessitated the need to assess lecturers' views of online assessment use in the covid‐19 era given the disruptions in face‐to‐face teaching and learning process. The study adopted a mixed research design. The population for the study was 84 computer educators made up of 40 males and 44 females from the four public tertiary institutions in Enugu State, Nigeria. Three research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The instruments used for data collection were a structured questionnaire titled “Computer Educators' Perception of Use of Online Assessment” (CEPUOA) and a guided interview relating to the research questions. The internal consistency was determined using the Cronbach α reliability test which gave an index of .9. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation while the null hypotheses were tested using a t‐test at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study indicated that computer educators have a positive disposition toward the use of online assessment in conducting various assessment techniques such as tests/quizzes, semester examinations, and seminar/project evaluations. The findings of the study further showed that the utilization of online assessment techniques facilitates timely monitoring of students' progress, and the provision of immediate feedback to the learners helps in preparing students with digital skills required to function in the 21st‐century workplace, among others. In view of these, it was recommended that tertiary institutions should initiate workable policies that will encourage the effective use of online assessment by lecturers.

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“…bone arrow-and spearheads, harpoon heads and hoes or ard points made of antler, awls of goat/sheep metapodials, antler spoons and handles (e.g. Luik & Maldre 2007;Luik 2011;2013;Luik et al 2011). Such standardization probably reflects some degree of organization and control in bone and antler-working.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Bronze Age Bone Crafting in the Eastern Baltic: Standardization of Artefact Types and Individual Ingenuity

Luik

2013

Estonian J. Archaeol.

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The aim of the article is to discuss some exceptional finds among Late Bronze Age bone and antler artefacts in the eastern Baltic. A certain standardization of selected material and shape is characteristic of many bone tool types of discussed period. Some foreign bronze artefacts have been replicated in more easily available local materials -bone and antler. But sometimes an ancient craftsman tried to make some local standardized artefact from some other available substance. Spearheads made from goat/sheep tibiae constitute a very standardized tool type in eastern Lithuania. From Narkūnai a spearhead was found copying the shape of these spearheads, but made from elk antler. Scapular tools with a notched edge are known from Estonian fortified settlements; only one notched-edged tool from Iru has been carved from a rib. The bone pins with round head are characteristic pin type in Ķivutkalns, Latvia. Almost all such pins were made from long bones diaphysis but for one pin with similar shape a rib has been chosen. Why did the maker of bone artefact not use the traditional material in some cases? Perhaps the required bone was not available, or unskilled bone-carver picked the other material which was easier to carve. Although such examples are quite few they still attest the ingenuity of individuals who made them.

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Material, Technology and Meaning: Antler Artefacts and Antler Working on the Eastern Shore of the Baltic Sea in the Late Bronze Age

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Animal Bones, Bone Artefacts and Bone Working at Late Bronze Age Fortified Settlements in North-Eastern Lithuania: Sokiškiai, Mineikiškės and Garniai I

Animal Bones, Bone Artefacts and Bone Working at Late Bronze Age Fortified Settlements in North-Eastern Lithuania: Sokiškiai, Mineikiškės and Garniai I

Computer educators' perception of the utilization of online assessment in the Covid‐19 era

Late Bronze Age Bone Crafting in the Eastern Baltic: Standardization of Artefact Types and Individual Ingenuity

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