“…This can be very difficult to conceptualize as complex systems can have hundreds or more variables at play, which is why they are often called wicked problems (Borko et al, 2009). However, many studies in recent years have included complex systems thinking to better capture the messy reality within classroom and larger school settings (Bae et al, 2021; Berland & Wilensky, 2015; Bullock & Moyer‐Packenham, 2020; Chang et al, 2019; Goldstone et al, 2008; Jones, 2021; Kloos et al, 2019; Levin, 2018; Mandinach & Schildkamp, 2021; Martin, 2019; Mathew et al, 2021; Nathan & Swart, 2021; Spiller et al, 2021; Strom et al, 2018; Vargas, 2021; Weiler & Hinnant‐Crawford, 2021). In addition, groups of complexity‐informed scholars are working to understand the messiness of wicked problems, the foundational purposes of educational research, and to develop aligned quantitative and qualitative methodologies that do not model educational systems as linear processes with just a few variables (Garner, 2020).…”