We report the fabrication
and performance evaluation of hybrid
surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates involving laser
ablation and chemical routes for the trace-level detection of various
analyte molecules. Initially, picosecond laser ablation experiments
under ambient conditions were performed on pure silver (Ag) and gold
(Au) substrates to achieve distinct nanosized features on the surface.
The properties of the generated surface features on laser-processed
portions of Ag/Au targets were systematically analyzed using UV–visible
reflection and field emission scanning electron microscopy studies.
Later, hybrid-SERS substrates were achieved by grafting the chemically
synthesized Au nanostars on the plain and laser-processed plasmonic
targets. Subsequently, we employed these as SERS platforms for the
detection of a pesticide (thiram), a molecule used in explosive compositions
[ammonium nitrate (AN)], and a dye molecule [Nile blue (NB)]. A comparative
SERS study between the Au nanostar-decorated bare glass, silicon,
Ag, Au, and laser-processed Ag and Au targets has been established.
Our studies and the obtained data have unambiguously determined that
laser-processed Ag structures have demonstrated reasonably good enhancements
in the Raman signal intensities for distinct analytes among other
substrates. Importantly, the fabricated hybrid SERS substrate of “Au
nanostar-decorated laser-processed Ag” exhibited up to eight
times enhancement in the SERS intensity compared to laser-processed
Ag (without nanostars), as well as up to three times enhancement than
the Au nanostar-loaded plain Ag substrates. Additionally, the achieved
detection limits from the Au nanostar-decorated laser-processed Ag
SERS substrate were ∼50 pM, ∼5 nM, and ∼5 μM
for NB, thiram, and AN, respectively. The estimated enhancement factors
accomplished from the Au nanostar-decorated laser-processed Ag substrate
were ∼10
6
, ∼10
6
, and ∼10
4
for NB, thiram, and AN, respectively.