Materials for additive manufacturing

Bourell, David L.; Kruth, Jean Pierre; Leu, Ming C.; Levy, Gideon; Rosen, David W.; Beese, Allison M.; Clare, Adam T.

doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2017.05.009

Cited by 818 publications

(377 citation statements)

References 226 publications

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“…In additive manufacturing, there are several factors that could influence surface roughness, such as [25,26,27,28]:Material extrusion: temperature, viscosity, density, type of material, and mechanical properties.Chamber: temperature, pressure, vibrations, position of the platform, position of the extruder, system coordinates, and heat evacuation.Extruder: speed, angle of inclination, diameter of extrusion, vibration, and acceleration.Deposition characteristics: building direction, wall thickness, layer height, orientation, external geometry, and speed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Quality Enhancement of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Printed Samples Based on the Selection of Critical Printing Parameters

et al. 2018

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The present paper shows an experimental study on additive manufacturing for obtaining samples of polylactic acid (PLA). The process used for manufacturing these samples was fused deposition modeling (FDM). Little attention to the surface quality obtained in additive manufacturing processes has been paid by the research community. So, this paper aims at filling this gap. The goal of the study is the recognition of critical factors in FDM processes for reducing surface roughness. Two different types of experiments were carried out to analyze five printing parameters. The results were analyzed by means of Analysis of Variance, graphical methods, and non-parametric tests using Spearman’s ρ and Kendall’s τ correlation coefficients. The results showed how layer height and wall thickness are the most important factors for controlling surface roughness, while printing path, printing speed, and temperature showed no clear influence on surface roughness.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Quality Enhancement of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Printed Samples Based on the Selection of Critical Printing Parameters

et al. 2018

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“…For example, we printed one vane in three hours and 12 vanes in seven hours. Stereolithography, which locally cures photopolymer resin via a light-initiated chemical reaction, allows the use of polymers with wide chemical compatibility [60]. The methacrylate blend material we selected is compatible with solvents such as acetone, mild acids, and also strong bases (including at least one carbon black-based battery electrolyte with pH 12 that corrodes aluminum).…”

Section: A Design Of Vane For Stereolithographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved rheometry of yield stress fluids using bespoke fractal 3D printed vanes

Owens

Hart

McKinley

2020

Journal of Rheology

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To enable robust rheological measurements of the properties of yield stress fluids, we introduce a class of modified vane fixtures with fractal-like cross-sectional structures. A greater number of outer contact edges leads to increased kinematic homogeneity at the point of yielding and beyond. The vanes are 3D printed using a desktop stereolithography machine, making them inexpensive (disposable), chemically-compatible with a wide range of solvents, and readily adaptable as a base for further design innovations. To complete the tooling set, we introduce a textured 3D printed cup, which attaches to a standard rheometer base. We discuss general design criteria for 3D printed rheometer vanes, including consideration of sample volume displaced by the vanes, stress homogeneity, and secondary flows that constrain the parameter space of potential designs. We also develop a conversion from machine torque to material shear stress for vanes with an arbitrary number of arms. We compare a family of vane designs by measuring the viscosity of Newtonian calibration oils with error <5% relative to reference measurements made with a coneand-plate geometry. We measure the flow curve of a simple Carbopol yield stress fluid, and show that a 24-arm 3D printed fractal vane agrees within 1% of reference measurements made with a roughened cone-and-plate geometry. Last, we demonstrate use of the 24-arm fractal vane to probe the thixo-elasto-visco-plastic (TEVP) response of a Carbopol-based hair gel, a jammed emulsion (mayonnaise), and a strongly alkaline carbon black-based battery slurry.

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“…Although a recent review of materials for AM does not list PET as a commercially available polymer for any AM technology, Zander and coauthors recently demonstrated successful FFF printing from recycled PET bottles . PP is listed as in commercial use for only the powder bed fusion AM process, and not for FFF or any other material extrusion technology . Other authors cite the material's high degree of shrinkage, which results in a lack of bed adhesion, as one of the primary challenges for using PP in FFF .…”

Section: Background and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi‐Crystalline Polymer Blends for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing Printability: A Case Study with Poly(ethylene terephthalate) and Polypropylene

Chatham

Zawaski

Bobbitt³

et al. 2019

Macro Materials & Eng

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Semi‐crystalline polymers are an important class of materials for engineering applications due to their high modulus and barrier properties. Traditional manufacturing methods process semi‐crystalline polymers via rigid molds and well‐controlled temperature and pressure environments to handle the significant change in specific volume occurring during crystallization; however, material extrusion additive manufacturing does not use these features. This often leads to warpage‐induced build failure in fused filament fabrication (FFF). To enable FFF of semi‐crystalline polymers, this work investigates characteristics of immiscible polymer blends (e.g., disparate crystallization behavior and phase separation) to mitigate warping failure during printing. A series of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polypropylene/polypropylene–graft–maleic anhydride blends are explored and the effect of thermal and morphological characteristics on printability is analyzed. It is shown that these blends can be extruded into filament and printed into a 3D structure. Extrapolations indicate that phase‐separated blends with increased total crystallization half‐time are beneficial for FFF printing.

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Materials for additive manufacturing

Cited by 818 publications

References 226 publications

Surface Quality Enhancement of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Printed Samples Based on the Selection of Critical Printing Parameters

Surface Quality Enhancement of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Printed Samples Based on the Selection of Critical Printing Parameters

Improved rheometry of yield stress fluids using bespoke fractal 3D printed vanes

Semi‐Crystalline Polymer Blends for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing Printability: A Case Study with Poly(ethylene terephthalate) and Polypropylene

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