Materials for lithium recovery from salt lake brine

Xu, Ping; Hong, Jun; Qian, Xiaoming; Xu, Zhiwei; Xia, Hong; Tao, Xuchen; Xu, Zhenzhen; Ni, Qing‐Qing

doi:10.1007/s10853-020-05019-1

Cited by 182 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 257 publications

(313 reference statements)

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“…A variety of strategies to extract lithium from brines have been investigated, including precipitation, adsorption, solvent, ionic liquid, membrane, electrochemical, and chromatographic techniques, see Figure 1 (Flexer et al 2018;Ling et al 2018;Liu et al 2019;Schmidt et al 2019;Zhao et al 2019;Stringfellow and Dobson 2021). Lithium extraction processes may use a combination of techniques to produce final, high-purity lithium products (Xu et al 2021). Of the novel processes proposed for lithium extraction from brines, those currently being advanced toward pilot and commercial scale are referred to as direct lithium extraction (DLE).…”

Section: Other Methods Of Lithium Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-Economic Analysis of Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Brines

Warren

2021

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The United States has a large, domestic source of lithium in geothermal fluids, especially at the Salton Sea region of southern California, where estimates of lithium pass-through at geothermal plants exceed 24,000 metric tons per year, based on 2019 geothermal plant operations. Lithium extraction from geothermal brines offers the potential to provide the United States with a secure, domestic supply of lithium to meet the increasing demands of electric vehicles, grid energy storage, portable electronics, and other end-use applications. Additionally, the use of direct extraction technologies allows for a more sustainable lithium supply relative to current evaporative brine and hardrock mining operations in terms of land use, water use, time to market with lithium products, and carbon intensity of operations. This report is part of an effort to assess geothermal brines as a source of commercial lithium supply for the United States. In this study, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) reviews and summarizes public technoeconomic analyses of lithium extraction technologies. The work was coordinated with the Critical Minerals Institute at the Colorado School of Mines who focused on supply chain analysis of lithium.Mineral extraction from geothermal brines in the Salton Sea and elsewhere has a decades-long history, but there have been few pilot-scale field tests focused on extraction of lithium from geothermal brines. There are also limited publicly available cost and performance data to fully evaluate the techno-economics of lithium extraction from geothermal brine. There are, however, demonstrations in progress that will more fully inform future analyses. For this report, technical and economic data are reviewed from projects focused on lithium extraction from geothermal and other brine types to assess the technologies being deployed and estimated costs to produce end products lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH•H2O). A review of these projects indicates expected production costs (i.e., operating expenses or OPEX) near $4,000/metric ton of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) and reported internal rates of return suggest this production cost target is economically feasible with estimated prices of

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Section: Other Methods Of Lithium Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-Economic Analysis of Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Brines

Warren

2021

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“…Brine deposits account for between 50 and 75 percent of the world's lithium production (Figures 2 and 3) [4,9,10,15,16]. Major brine deposits occur in the US (Figure 4 and Table 1), but commercial production of brine lithium occurs predominantly in South America [2,[9][10][11]15,17].…”

Section: Lithium Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 74 brine deposits occur in the US (Figure 4 and Table 1), but commercial production of brine lithium occurs predominantly in South America [2,9,10,11,15,17]. Figure 3.…”

Section: Lithium Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Technology for the Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines

2021

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Lithium is the principal component of high-energy-density batteries and is a critical material necessary for the economy and security of the United States. Brines from geothermal power production have been identified as a potential domestic source of lithium; however, lithium-rich geothermal brines are characterized by complex chemistry, high salinity, and high temperatures, which pose unique challenges for economic lithium extraction. The purpose of this paper is to examine and analyze direct lithium extraction technology in the context of developing sustainable lithium production from geothermal brines. In this paper, we are focused on the challenges of applying direct lithium extraction technology to geothermal brines; however, applications to other brines (such as coproduced brines from oil wells) are considered. The most technologically advanced approach for direct lithium extraction from geothermal brines is adsorption of lithium using inorganic sorbents. Other separation processes include extraction using solvents, sorption on organic resin and polymer materials, chemical precipitation, and membrane-dependent processes. The Salton Sea geothermal field in California has been identified as the most significant lithium brine resource in the US and past and present efforts to extract lithium and other minerals from Salton Sea brines were evaluated. Extraction of lithium with inorganic molecular sieve ion-exchange sorbents appears to offer the most immediate pathway for the development of economic lithium extraction and recovery from Salton Sea brines. Other promising technologies are still in early development, but may one day offer a second generation of methods for direct, selective lithium extraction. Initial studies have demonstrated that lithium extraction and recovery from geothermal brines are technically feasible, but challenges still remain in developing an economically and environmentally sustainable process at scale.

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“…As a large ring organic compound with a polyether structure, crown ether possesses a nanoscale cavity structure, and it can bind specific metal ions to form a stable complex through electrostatic interactions [ 29 , 30 ], which can offer channels for specific ions. As is known, the cavity of 12-crown-4-ether (internal diameter 1.2–1.5 Å) just matches the diameter of a Li + ion (1.2 Å) and they can form a 1:1 host–guest complexation [ 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cation Exchange Membranes Coated with Polyethyleneimine and Crown Ether to Improve Monovalent Cation Electrodialytic Selectivity

Yang

Liu

et al. 2021

Membranes

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Developing monovalent cation permselective membranes (MCPMs) with high-efficient permselectivity is the core concern in specific industrial applications. In this work, we have fabricated a series of novel cation exchange membranes (CEMs) based on sulfonated polysulfone (SPSF) surface modification by polyethyleneimine (PEI) and 4′-aminobenzo-12-crown-4 (12C4) codeposited with dopamine (DA) successively, which was followed by the cross-linking of glutaraldehyde (GA). The as-prepared membranes before and after modification were systematically characterized with regard to their structures as well as their physicochemical and electrochemical properties. Particularly, the codeposition sequence of modified ingredients was investigated on galvanostatic permselectivity to cations. The modified membrane (M-12C4-0.50-PEI) exhibits significantly prominent selectivity to Li+ ions (PMg2+Li+ = 5.23) and K+ ions (PMg2+K+ = 13.56) in Li+/Mg2+ and K+/Mg2+ systems in electrodialysis (ED), which is far superior to the pristine membrane (M-0, PMg2+Li+ = 0.46, PMg2+K+ = 1.23) at a constant current density of 5.0 mA·cm−2. It possibly arises from the synergistic effects of electrostatic repulsion (positively charged PEI), pore-size sieving (distribution of modified ingredients), and specific interaction effect (12C4 ~Li+). This facile strategy may provide new insights into developing selective CEMs in the separation of specific cations by ED.

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Materials for lithium recovery from salt lake brine

Cited by 182 publications

References 257 publications

Techno-Economic Analysis of Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Brines

Techno-Economic Analysis of Lithium Extraction from Geothermal Brines

Technology for the Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brines

Cation Exchange Membranes Coated with Polyethyleneimine and Crown Ether to Improve Monovalent Cation Electrodialytic Selectivity

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