Materials recovery from waste liquid crystal displays: A focus on indium

Fontana, Danilo; Forte, Federica; Carolis, Roberta De; Grosso, Mario

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.043

Cited by 72 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Fontana et al [14] studied indium extraction with an aqueous biphasic system (ABS) as an alternative for traditional solvent extraction in an oil-water system. Aqueous twophase systems are formed when a water-soluble polymer (e.g., polyethylene glycol PEG) is mixed with some inorganic salts (e.g., Na 2 SO 4 , Na 2 CO 3 , KCl) at the proper concentrations.…”

Section: Fig 2 Structures Of Selected Extractantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrometallurgical Methods of Indium Recovery From Obsolete LCD and Led Panels

Krištofová

Rudnik

Miškufová

2016

mafe

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This paper shows a review of literature data on the possibilities of indium recovery from ITO layers of waste LCD and LED displays. A short characterization of indium, its compounds, resources, production, and applications is presented. The structure and operation of LCD displays are shown. A detailed overview of the ITO leaching process is presented. Methods of indium(III) ion separation from the leachate solutions (SX, HoLLE, IX) as well as recovery of the final products (precipitation, cementation, electrowinning) are also shown. Keywords: indium; LCD, LED, ITO, hydrometallurgy, recycling StreszczenieArtykuł przedstawia przegląd literatury na temat odzysku indu z warstw ITO w zużytych panelach LCD i LED. Przedstawiono krótką charakterystykę indu, jego związków chemicznych, zasobów, produkcji i zastosowań. Omówiono budowę i zasadę działania paneli LCD. W sposób szczegółowy opisano proces ługowania ITO. Przedyskutowano także metody rozdziału jonów indu(III) z roztworów po ługowaniu (SX, HoLLE, IX) oraz odzysku produktów końcowych (strącanie, cementacja, elektroliza).

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Section: Fig 2 Structures Of Selected Extractantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrometallurgical Methods of Indium Recovery From Obsolete LCD and Led Panels

Krištofová

Rudnik

Miškufová

2016

mafe

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“…This concentrated use of one element in a particular set of WEEE devices could provide a basis for successful recycling [9][10][11]. Although a number of studies have been published, a full recycling of LCD panels has not been developed [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Hence, recovery of indium from WEEE is not yet being carried out [1,2,30].…”

Section: End-of-life (Eol) Lcds Account For Up To 90% Of the Indium-bmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various studies present methodologies for the recovery of indium from LCD panels using mechanical, thermal, and pyro-and hydrometallurgical approaches [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Most of the studies focus on the recovery of indium alone.…”

Section: End-of-life (Eol) Lcds Account For Up To 90% Of the Indium-bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential and Recycling Strategies for LCD Panels from WEEE

et al. 2017

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Indium is one of the strategically important materials, which have been characterized as critical by various industrialized countries. Despite its high relevance, only low recycling rates are realized. Its main application is in indium tin oxide (ITO), which is used in the production of liquid crystal displays (LCD). However, recovery strategies for indium from LCDs are not yet being implemented in recycling practices. Although LCDs consist of a sandwich compound with additional materials such as glass (80% ± 5%) and polarizer foils (20% ± 5%), recently published recycling approaches focus mainly on the recovery of indium exclusively. This study, first of all, provides information about the quantity and quality of the materials applied in the LCD panels of the various equipment types investigated, such as notebooks, tablets, mobile phones, smartphones, PC monitors, and LCD TVs. The highest indium mass fraction per mass of LCD was determined in mobile phones and the least indium was found in smartphones. Additionally, we found the significant use of contaminating metals like antimony, arsenic, lead, and strontium in the glass fraction. Thus, specific recovery strategies should focus on selected equipment types with the highest indium potential, which is directly related to the sales of new devices and the number of collected end-of-life devices. Secondly, we have developed and successfully tested a novel recycling approach for separating the sandwich compound to provide single output fractions of panel glass, polarizer foils, and an indium concentrate for subsequent recycling. Unfortunately, the strongly varying content of contaminating metals jeopardizes the recycling of this output fraction. Nonetheless, economic recycling approaches need to address all materials contained, in particular those with the highest share in LCD panels such as polarizer foils and panel glass.

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“…Processes have been developed to recover indium along with other metals such as copper, tin, gallium and lead from secondary sources such as alloy scraps [11], solar cells [12], etching solutions [13], hydrometallurgical leach solutions [14] and waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), including LCD screens [15][16][17]. Recovery methodologies tend to be based on a combination of steps usually involving leaching or occasionally high temperature chlorination [12] followed by additional processes that include chemical precipitation [14][15][16], solvent extraction [13] cementation [18] or electro-recovery [11,19]. Jiang et al [20], for example, recovered about 95% of the indium from a typical mineral leach solution containing about 60 mg L -1 indium as a phosphate precipitate (NaIn3(P3O10)2·12H2O) containing impurity metals that were removed in the following treatment steps: (i) NaOH leaching, (ii) hot H2SO4 treatment, (iii) extraction by D2EHPA, and (iv) cementation of In metal with zinc powder.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electrochemical recovery of indium in particular is strongly influenced by the composition of the electrolyte, the indium concentration in the electrolyte, and the presence of complexing agents [15,16,36,37]. For example, indium deposition is about 10 5 times faster from solutions in which the basic ion [In(H2O)5OH] 2+ predominates than it is from acidic solutions in perchloric acid where the indium is present as In(H2O) [38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of critical metals from dilute leach solutions – Separation of indium from tin and lead

Grimes

Yasri

Chaudhary

2017

Inorganica Chimica Acta

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The strategic metal indium is recovered from solutions containing tin and lead that are typical of those obtained from leach solutions of metal component fractions of electronic waste including the leach solutions from indium tin oxide thin film conductive layers that contain only indium and tin. Almost total recovery of the metals can be achieved from nitric, perchloric and acetic acid leach solutions using a novel cylindrical mesh electrode electrolysis cell under appropriate conditions. The optimum separation of indium from tin and lead is achieved by a novel three-

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Materials recovery from waste liquid crystal displays: A focus on indium

Cited by 72 publications

References 27 publications

Hydrometallurgical Methods of Indium Recovery From Obsolete LCD and Led Panels

Hydrometallurgical Methods of Indium Recovery From Obsolete LCD and Led Panels

Potential and Recycling Strategies for LCD Panels from WEEE

Recovery of critical metals from dilute leach solutions – Separation of indium from tin and lead

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