Maternal active or passive smoking causes oxidative stress in placental tissue

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of active and passive maternal smoking on placenta total oxidant/antioxidant status in term infants. The levels of cord blood total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured in samples of fetal placental tissue, cord blood, and the maternal peripheral blood serum and from 19 mothers who were active smokers, 19 who were passive smokers, and 22 who were nonsmokers (not exposed to active or passive smoking). The pregnancies were between 37 and 40 weeks' gestation, were uncomplicated, and the infants were delivered vaginally. Birth weight and head circumference in the active smokers were significantly (P < 0.001) lower than those in the controls. Placenta, cord blood, and the maternal peripheral TAC levels were significantly lower in the active smokers compared with the controls (P < 0.001), while TOS and OSI levels were significantly higher in the active and passive smokers than in the controls (P < 0.001). A positive significant correlation was found between active maternal smoking and placenta TOS and OSI levels (P < 0.016), and a significant negative correlation was found between number of cigarettes exposed to and birthweight and head circumference (P < 0.05). In conclusion, active or passive maternal smoking is associated with important alterations in oxidant and antioxidant balance in fetal placental tissue and causes potent oxidative stress.

425: Maternal tobacco use modestly alters correlated epigenome wide placental DNA methylation and gene expression

“…Thus, 36 matched subjects were analyzed with minimized potential for selection bias. As anticipated, 8,12,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] we did observe a significant decrease in infant birth weight among smokers (3,059 g ± 107 versus 3,460 g ± 93, p = 0.008; Table 1). The remainder of the clinical outcome variables was not significantly different among cases and controls (Table 1), and subjects were excluded by virtue of significant maternal or fetal comorbidities (see Methods).…”

Increased oxidative stress in preschool children exposed to passive smoking

“…Tem-se afirmado que o aumento na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio associado ao fumo pode exceder a capacidade do sistema de defesa oxidante, resultando em dano oxidativo a certas proteínas, lipídios e ao DNA 23,28 . Em lactentes expostos ao tabagismo passivo, vários componentes do sistema de defesa antioxidante foram apontados como deficientes, se comparados aos dos lactentes não expostos ao tabagismo passivo 2,9,19,29 . Assim como nossos estudos prévios, este estudo demonstrou que os níveis de EOT foram significativamente maiores nos fumantes passivos.…”

“…Relatamos previamente que a capacidade antioxidante total (CAT), o estado oxidante total (EOT) e o índice de estresse oxidativo (IEO) no tecido placentário fetal, no sangue de cordão umbilical e no soro dos lactentes e das suas mães são alterados pelo tabagismo ativo ou passivo 1,2,8,9 . No presente estudo, medimos o nível de cotinina para determinar o nível de exposição passiva ao cigarro e avaliamos o efeito do fumo passivo nos níveis de estado oxidante/antioxidante total em pré-escolares.…”

Relationship between body mass index of offspring and maternal smoking during pregnancy

“…9 The mechanism underlying this decrease in birth weight is as follows: the oxidative stress of nicotine and carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke induces vasoconstriction in the placenta, which in turn causes ischemia in the fetus. 10 Another possible mechanism is that maternal anorexia induced by smoking may cause fetal malnutrition. 11 According to the hypothesis of the fetal origin of adult disease (the so-called Barker hypothesis), the BMI of a low-birth-weight infant increases rapidly after birth and increases during adolescence with a tendency toward obesity.…”