Maternal and child constitutional factors and the frequency of melanocytic naevi in children

Graham,; Fuller,; Murphy, .; Jones, Michael E.; Forman,; Swerdlow, Anthony

doi:10.1046/j.1365-3016.1999.00189.x

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Most researchers 7,13,21,[30][31][32] have found a higher number and density of MN in boys compared with girls, and we found the same tendency in our study. Boys aged 9 to 10 years had more MN of all sizes compared with girls, while male adolescents aged 14 to 15 years had more MN, both of all sizes and MN 2 mm of larger.…”

Section: Commentsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…[8][9][10]21,35 Some studies showed that the prevalence of MN among white children decreased with the increase in skin pigmentation, 8,10,30,31 although other studies did not confirm this relationship either. 13,22,23 Our study did not show any relationship between the skin type (light, medium, or dark) and the number of MN. These conflicting results could have been caused by a subjective evaluation of the skin color.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 46%

“…Interestingly, some authors 13 did not find any relevant relationship between the prevalence of MN and skin color (fair, medium, and dark). English and Armstrong 7 have noticed that Australian children with red hair, fair skin color, a tendency to freckle, and a propensity to burn (skin type I) have less MN compared with children with dark hair, dark skin color, no tendency to freckle, and no propensity to burn.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

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The Prevalence of Common Acquired Melanocytic Nevi and the Relationship With Skin Type Characteristics and Sun Exposure Among Children in Lithuania

Valiukevičienė

Misevičienė²,

Gollnick³

2005

Arch Dermatol

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Section: Commentsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 46%

mentioning

confidence: 94%

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The Prevalence of Common Acquired Melanocytic Nevi and the Relationship With Skin Type Characteristics and Sun Exposure Among Children in Lithuania

Valiukevičienė

Misevičienė²,

Gollnick³

2005

Arch Dermatol

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“…Recent studies point to genetic-environmental interaction as a plausible explanation for the origin of melanocytic nevi. Clustering of nevi in families 26 and higher concordance rate of nevus counts between homozygotic compared to dyzygotic twins have been documented. 27 Most children are born without nevi and develop them later in life.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The density of melanocytic nevi correlates with constitutional variables and history of sunburns: A prevalence study among Italian schoolchildren

Carli

Naldi

Lovati

et al. 2002

Intl Journal of Cancer

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In several studies from northern Europe, north America and Australia, melanocytic nevi are correlated with pigmentary traits and with intense sun exposure in a way similar to malignant melanoma. However, it is unclear if these data can be extrapolated to populations in other geographic locations and with different prevalent phenotypes. Our study was conducted among schoolchildren aged 13-14 years in 16 Italian cities. The parents of 3,127 children of a total of 3,160 (99%) consented to our study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information about sun exposure and lifetime history of sunburns. Children were also examined by trained dermatologists to assess pigmentary traits and to make a count of melanocytic nevi. The median nevus density was higher among boys than girls. Areas that are usually chronically exposed to the sun exhibited a higher density of nevi compared to intermittently and rarely exposed areas. A higher density of nevi was found in children with lighter skin, blond hair and blue eyes. Red-haired children had a remarkably lower nevus density compared to the other color categories. The density of nevi increased with an increased number of reported episodes of sunburns. The results concerning nevi >6 mm in diameter paralleled those obtained for the total nevus density. However, at variance with total nevus density, a significant relation was also observed between larger nevi and freckling. Our study confirms that, in Italian schoolchildren, there is a relation between pigmentary traits, history of sunburns and the density of melanocytic nevi. Melanocytic nevi and malignant melanoma share a similar risk factor profile. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: melanocytic nevi; malignant melanoma; sunburns; pigmentary traits; epidemiology; South European populationA large number of common melanocytic nevi and the presence of large atypical nevi are strongly associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma. [1][2][3][4][5][6] The biologic correlates of such an association are still poorly understood, but it is plausible that factors that affect the density of melanocytic nevi may also influence the development of malignant melanoma later in life. Risk factors for malignant melanoma have been widely explored in epidemiologic studies and, besides the number of nevi, include pigmentary traits, e.g., light skin and hair color, propensity to sunburns and indicators of intense and intermittent exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation especially during early life. 7-8 A number of epidemiologic studies confirm that the number of acquired melanocytic nevi is correlated with pigmentary traits, similar to those associated with malignant melanoma, and with intense sun exposure and history of sunburns. 9 -19 Data concerning factors associated with melanocytic nevi have been mostly derived from populations in northern Europe, north America and Australia, and it is unclear if these data can be extrapolated to populations in other geographic locations and with different prevalent phenotypes. The aim of our s...

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“…Studies on parental pigmentary factors have shown MN counts of children to be correlated significantly with MN counts of mothers 34 and the arms of both parents. 19 The present longitudinal data support this association.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors of incident melanocytic nevi: A longitudinal study in a cohort of 1,232 young German children

Bauer

Büttner

Wiecker

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Cancer

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The number of melanocytic nevi is the most important independent risk factor for cutaneous melanoma. Aim of our study was to add information to the controversial discussion on the role of chronic-moderate and intermittent-high sun exposure and sunburns for the development of melanocytic nevi by the use of a large longitudinal study. A longitudinal study with a 3-year follow-up was conducted in 1,232 young children 2-7 years of age attending 78 public nursery schools in Bochum and Stuttgart, Germany. Total body nevus counts, assessment of pigmentary features and nevus counts on arms of parents were carried out. Parents underwent a standardized interview concerning sun exposure, sunburns and sun-protective behavior. Applying multiple linear regression analysis higher numbers of incident nevi were associated with host factors like light skin complexion (skin Type II vs. IV, p ‫؍‬ 0.022) and freckling of the face (p < 0.001), with parental factors like nevus counts on mothers' (p < 0.001) and fathers' (p ‫؍‬ 0.004) arms and at least one parent being of German descent (p ‫؍‬ 0.006), and with environmental factors like intermittent-high sun exposure during holidays (p < 0.001) and chronic-moderate ultraviolet radiation at home (p ‫؍‬ 0.007). Sunburns were a significant risk factor for nevus development (p ‫؍‬ 0.005). Total cumulative sun exposure seems to be the crucial environmental risk factor for the development of nevi, whether the child is exposed to chronicmoderate or intermittent-high ultraviolet light doses. Public health education should focus primarily on avoiding sun exposure especially in children with fair skin and parents with high nevus counts. The total number of melanocytic nevi (MN) on the body is known to be the strongest intrinsic risk factor for the development of cutaneous melanoma (CM). 1-5 Moreover, MN were considered to be precursor lesions of a substantial proportion of CM. 6,7 Case control studies on risk factors for CM in adults are influenced by recall bias. 8 Childhood is a period of particular susceptibility to the carcinogenic effects of solar radiation. 9 Thus, studies on MN in children might give new insights into the pathogenesis of CM.To date, numerous cross-sectional studies have been published identifying risk factors for MN development in children. 10 -19 Studies yielded partly contradicting results to important points like the amount and intensity of sun exposure needed for MN development and the role of sunburns. Few longitudinal studies exist that investigated risk factors for incident MN. 20 -24 Such studies might give a better control of the influence of environmental factors and confounders. Our present study longitudinally investigated risk factors for the development of MN in a cohort of 1,232 German kindergarten children, 2-7 years of age, followed-up over a 3-year period. Material and methods ParticipantsOur analysis utilized data of children who participated in a randomized controlled trial set up to investigate whether educational intervention and the provision of ...

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Maternal and child constitutional factors and the frequency of melanocytic naevi in children

Cited by 17 publications

References 23 publications

The Prevalence of Common Acquired Melanocytic Nevi and the Relationship With Skin Type Characteristics and Sun Exposure Among Children in Lithuania

The Prevalence of Common Acquired Melanocytic Nevi and the Relationship With Skin Type Characteristics and Sun Exposure Among Children in Lithuania

The density of melanocytic nevi correlates with constitutional variables and history of sunburns: A prevalence study among Italian schoolchildren

Risk factors of incident melanocytic nevi: A longitudinal study in a cohort of 1,232 young German children

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