Maternal and Child Health Status Related to Nutritional Status and Development of Children During Lactation Period: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Mothers With Children Age 0 – 6 Months in Agricultural Areas of Indonesia

Abstract

Maternal and child health status (MCHS) plays an essential role in the exclusive breastfeeding practice (EBP), which in turn helps to determine the nutritional status and development of children (NSC & CD) aged 0-6 months. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors influencing EBP, NSC, and CD to MCHS in Jember, East Java, Indonesia. A family-based survey was conducted among 470 mothers with children aged 0-6 months, by using a stratified random sampling method. Furthermore, a self-administered questionnaire was used to measure the characteristics of children and mothers, MCHS, EBP, NSC (z score with weight per age= WAZ and height per age= HAZ), and CD (pre-screening developmental questionnaire=PSDQ). The prevalence of EBP was 74.7% (95% CI= 65.5 – 81.2%), with influential factors being education, family income, children's age, and distress to limitations. Also, the Z-score of WAZ and HAZ were 2.99±0.22 and 3.01±0.22, respectively (3% of underweight and 1.7% of stunting). The factors influencing WAZ were children's age, birth weight, approach, and attentional shifting. However, the factors that only influenced the HAZ was the children's age. Also, among children three months old, the score of PSDQ was 8.30±1.33 (0.8% of deviation and 56.5% of suspect development), and their influenced factors were mother's work, infant's age, and the weight of birth. Among those that were 6 months old, the PSDQ score was 8.83±1.42 (7% of deviation and 24.3% of suspect development), and their influenced factors were mainly relationship. The analysis of the result further showed that the EBP, NSC, and CD, are related to MCHS, in rural agricultural areas. Therefore, the relationship of the parent-child should function appropriately, in order to support infant growth and development during lactation.

Water consumption in 0-6-month-old healthy infants and effective factors: A systematic review

“…Details about the water consumption of 0-6-month-old babies included the percentage of water intake (%), the volume of daily water consumption, the volume of water consumption in the last 24 hours, and the time of the first intake. The rates of water intake in infants were reported as 44% in 1 -month- olds 40 , 86.2% in 6 weeks-olds 26 , 77% in infants aging 3-months-old 40 , 2.5% in infants aging 4months-old 13 , and 2.5-85% in infants aging 6-months-old 11 , 12 , 26 , 36 , 40 . Moreover, the studies reported that 10% 37 and 96.5% 38 of the 6-month-old babies consumed water in the last 24 hours.…”

“…(2020) 12 / Turkey Descriptive, prospective/ n:355 The aim of this study was to examine the factors leading mothers to discontinue exclusive breastfeeding within the first six months of life. Gender (male/ female) (n) 175/180 Height (cm) (mean ± SD) 50.1±1.2 Weight (g) (mean ± SD) 3201.4±469.2 Head circumference (cm) (mean ± SD) 34.9±0.8 Mother Age (years) (mean ± SD) 28.3±5.2 Delivery method Vaginal/cesarean section (n) 179/176 Breastfeeding at 1-month-old: 68.4 %; Breastfeeding at 4-months-old: 56.5 % Breastfeeding at 6 months-:35.2 % six months: 26 (7.3 %) 8/9 Susanto et al (2021) 13 / Indonesıa Cross-sectional study N: 470 n: 470 Maternal and child health status (MCHS) plays an essential role in the exclusive breastfeeding practice (EBP), which in turn helps to determine the nutritional status and development of children (NSC & CD) aged 0-6 months. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors influencing EBP, NSC, and CD to MCHS in Jember, East Java, Indonesia.…”

“…One of the articles included in the systematic review 40 was evaluated with the cohort studies quality list, one 41 was assessed with the case- control studies checklist, five 11 , 13 , 35 , 37 , 38 were evaluated with the cross-sectional studies checklist, three 12 , 27 , 28 were analyzed with the descriptive studies checklist, and three 26 , 36 , 39 were assessed with the quasi-experimental studies checklist ( table 1 ).…”

“…Since the quality of the evidence in the articles was considered medium or high, according to the requirements of the mentioned checklists, these were included in the systematic review. The cohort study met eight [40] of the eleven criteria in the checklist, the case-control study met eight 41 out of the ten, the cross-sectional studies met five 11 , 37 , and six 13 , 35 , 38 of the eight criteria, the descriptive studies met five 27 , six 28 , and eight 12 out of the nine, and the quasiexperimental studies met six 39 , and seven 26 , 36 of the nine criteria.…”

“…Factors such as late initiation of breastfeeding, early or late transition to complementary feeding, giving water or sweetened water to the baby as the first food, using bottles and pacifiers, the education and employment status of the mother, lack of information about breastfeeding, and lack of health personnel/family support, result in inadequate levels of breastfeeding and human milk intake (8,9,(11)(12)(13)(14). The beneficial effects of breast milk come from its uniqueness and infant-specific content (15).…”