Study Objectives
Sleep disturbances, which can worsen during pregnancy, have been linked to inflammatory processes. This study tested the hypothesis that more pro-inflammatory diets during pregnancy are associated with a decrease in sleep quality and shorter sleep duration.
Methods
The Health in Pregnancy and Postpartum study promoted a healthy lifestyle in pregnant women with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (n=207). Data from <16 weeks and 32 weeks gestation were used. Sleep was measured using BodyMedia’s SenseWear® armband. Diet was assessed using two 24-hour dietary recalls. Energy-density Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII TM) scores were calculated from micro and macronutrients. Linear mixed-effects models estimated the impact of the E-DII score on sleep parameters.
Results
Women with more pro-inflammatory diets, compared to those with more anti-inflammatory diets, were more likely to be nulliparous (51% vs. 25%, p=0.03), frequent consumers of fast food (29% vs. 10% consuming on 4-6 days during the previous week, p=0.01), ever-smokers (21% vs. 6%, p=0.02), and younger (mean age 29.2 vs. 31.3 years, p=0.02). For every one-unit increase (i.e., more pro-inflammatory) in the E-DII score, sleep latency increased by 0.69 minutes (p<0.01). Among European Americans only, every one-unit higher E-DII was associated with a 2.92-minute longer wake-after-sleep-onset (p=0.02).
Conclusion
An E-DII score that is 5 points lower (i.e., more anti-inflammatory) would equate to about 105 minutes of additional sleep per week among European American women. Anti-inflammatory diets may help to counteract detriments in sleep during pregnancy, especially among European American women. Additional work is needed among African American women.