Maternal and paternal parenting styles: Unique and combined links to adolescent and early adult delinquency

Abstract

The present study examines the cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between fathers’ and mothers’ parenting styles and male and female delinquency using a sample of 330 Dutch families with a mid or late adolescent son or daughter (ages 14–22), followed across two measurement waves with a 5‐year interval. Parenting styles of fathers and mothers were linked to delinquency. A significant parenting style by sex interaction was found: neglectful parenting was related to higher levels of delinquency in males and permissive parenting was linked to delinquency in females. A long term relationship was found between fathers’ neglectful parenting style and delinquency in males. Furthermore, results revealed that levels of delinquency were the lowest in families with at least one authoritative parent and highest in families with two neglectful parents, indicating that the level of delinquency was dependent on the combination of mother's and father's parenting styles.

The development of children’s inhibition: Does parenting matter?

“…In the vast majority of Belgian families, although not in all of them, mothers still spend more time taking care of their children, but the parental involvement of mothers and fathers is also qualitatively different. For example, whereas fathers often give instrumental care, mothers provide more emotional care (Hoeve, Dubas, Gerris, van der Laan, & Smeenk, 2011). Such qualitative differences are also embedded in stereotyped roles of women and men with regard to child rearing.…”

“…For example, one parent could enhance or decrease the other parent's effectiveness, or one parent could play a buffering role against the other parent's negative parenting. Furthermore, the effect of mothers' or fathers' parenting should be studied in relation to children's gender (Hoeve et al, 2009(Hoeve et al, , 2011. Finally, this study is correlational in nature and does not make it possible to distinguish whether children's change in inhibition capacities provokes changes in parenting or the reverse (or indeed whether both of them are under the influence of an unknown third factor).…”

“…Attempts should be made to replicate the findings using direct observations of parenting, with other culturally diverse groups of children and with clinically referred samples. In addition, other models combining mothers' and fathers' parenting should be studied as an explanation of inhibition growth (Hoeve et al, 2011). For example, one parent could enhance or decrease the other parent's effectiveness, or one parent could play a buffering role against the other parent's negative parenting.…”

Los estilos educativos paternos y maternos en la adolescencia y su relación con la resiliencia, el apego y la implicación en acoso escolar

“…En este sentido, se demostró que el estilo democrático, además de ser el más frecuente, era el que más beneficiaba a los jóvenes, en térmi-nos de menores problemas internalizantes y externalizantes y mayor desarrollo positivo, satisfacción vital y autoestima. Estos resultados son congruentes con los de otras investigaciones, en los que se ha demostrado la mayor prevalencia del estilo democrático, comparada con la de los otros estilos (Hoeve, Dubas, Gerris, Van del Laan, & Smeenk, 2011;Oliva, et al, 2008;Torío, Peña, & Rodríguez, 2008;Wolfradt, Hempel, & Miles, 2003) y su beneficio en el ajuste adolescente a través de la prevención de delincuencia (Deutsch, Crockett, Wolff, & Russell, 2012;Hoeve, et al, 2011) y de la implicación en acoso escolar (Baldry & Farrington, 2005;Gómez-Ortiz, Del Rey, Casas, & OrtegaRuiz, 2014;Kawabata, Alink, Tsen, Van Ijzendoorn, & Crick, 2011), y el desarrollo de la autoestima (Alonso & Román, 2005), el rendimiento académico (Besharata, Azizia, & Poursharifib, 2011;Frey, Ruchkin, Martin, & SchwabStone, 2009), la competencia social y capacidad resiliente (Baumrind, 1991;Masten & Powell, 2003). Asimismo, los estudios realizados parecen sugerir la relación entre unas prác-ticas parentales coherentes con el estilo democrático y una mayor probabilidad de desarrollar un apego seguro (Cantón & Cortés, 2005), subyaciendo a esta última relación todos los beneficios adaptativos que se atribuyen a la generación de este tipo de apego.…”

“…En este sentido, se ha demostrado que la situación más favorable para los hijos e hijas, la que se relaciona con menores problemas psicopatoló-gicos y mayor desarrollo positivo, se da cuando ambos padres son democráticos, o en su defecto, cuando alguno de los progenitores presenta dicho estilo, siendo la peor combinación, el que ambos padres fueran negligentes, situación que favorecía especialmente la implicación en delincuencia (Berkien, Louwerse, Verhulst, & Van der Ende, 2012;Hoeve, et al, 2011;Oliva et al, 2008;Steinberg, 2001). No se ha encontrado, sin embargo, evidencia empírica anterior, que analice la relación entre la coherencia parental y otros indicadores de ajuste ajenos a la psicopatología o la delincuencia.…”