Maternal Basal Metabolic Rate in Twin Pregnancy

Abstract

Objective: This study examined the basal metabolic rate in patients with twin pregnancies and compared the results with those of singleton pregnancies and non-pregnant women. Methods: In 15 non-pregnant women, 14 patients with twin and 25 patients with singleton pregnancies, the resting energy expenditure was measured using an open-circuit ventilatory system during the third trimester of pregnancy. Results: The averaged resting energy expenditure in patients with twin pregnancy was 1,636 ± 174 kcal/day, significantly higher than that in patients with singleton pregnancy (1,456 ± 158 kcal/day; p < 0.05). Both of these levels are significantly higher than those in non-pregnant women (1,228 ± 132 kcal/day; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the estimated increased metabolic demands in patients during the third trimester of twin pregnancy are about 10% higher than those in women with singleton pregnancy. A prospective clinical study concerning nutrition counseling is needed.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Pregnancy

“…25 The maternal metabolic rate increases by approximately 300 kcal/d in the third trimester. 26,27 Maternal ketone body levels during fasting are elevated by 33% during the third trimester as compared with the postpartum state. 21,28 Ketone bodies can be detected in the urine of pregnant women who are fasting in approximately 30% of the first morning specimens.…”

“…39 Glucose transport to the fetus is augmented by a fivefold increase in the placental glucose transporter (GLUT-1), which increases transplacental glucose efflux even in the absence of maternal hyperglycemia. 26,27 The effects of maternal acidosis, hyperglycemia, dehydration, or electrolyte imbalance on fetal status is unclear, because data are based on limited case reports of fetal heart tracings or animal models. 40,41 The massive osmotic diuresis and consequent dehydration leads to volume depletion resulting in reduced uteroplacental perfusion.…”

The effect of flushing and stimulus of estrogenized does on reproductive performance of anovulatory-range goats

“…With multiple fetuses nutritional requirements of goats are magnified, resulting in a greater nutrient drain on maternal resources and an accelerated depletion of body energy reserves (Liesegang et al 2007;Cleal et al 2007). These accelerated nutrient demands is exacerbated during the second half of pregnancy, with more rapid lessening of body energy stores (Shinagawa et al 2005). In these circumstances, a sudden increase in nutritional demands occurs, as a result of rapid fetus and placenta development and a reduction of rumen capacity by the larger mass of multiple fetuses (Kiani et al 2008).…”

Diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy tends to occur at lower blood glucose levels: Case–control study and a case report of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy

“…In addition, pregnancy predisposes the mother to accelerated starvation which can result in ketonuria after an overnight fast 18 . The maternal metabolic rate increases by ~300 kcal/day in the third trimester 19,20 . These increased nutritional needs place the mother at risk of ketosis.…”