Maternal deprivation impairs memory and cognitive flexibility, effect that is avoided by environmental enrichment

Menezes, Jefferson; Neves, Ben-Hur Souto das; Gonçalves, Rithiele; Benetti, Fernando; Mello‐Carpes, Pâmela Billig

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112468

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Post-weaning environmental enrichment has been shown to increase BDNF in the hippocampus when compared to rats reared in standard or isolated conditions [59]. Furthermore, exposure to a socially enriched environment was able to restore the reduction in hippocampal BDNF induced by post-weaning social isolation [60] or by maternal separation [61]. Pre-weaning enrichment was also able to rescue animals from anxiety-like behaviors in adulthood induced by post-weaning maternal separation stress, while increasing BDNF content in the basolateral amygdala [62].…”

Section: Neurotrophic Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurosteroids and Neurotrophic Factors: What Is Their Promise as Biomarkers for Major Depression and PTSD?

Almeida

Barros

Pinna

2021

IJMS

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Even though major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are among the most prevalent and incapacitating mental illnesses in the world, their diagnosis still relies solely on the characterization of subjective symptoms (many of which are shared by multiple disorders) self-reported by patients. Thus, the need for objective measures that aid in the detection of and differentiation between psychiatric disorders becomes urgent. In this paper, we explore the potential of neurosteroids and neurotrophic proteins as biomarkers for MDD and PTSD. Circulating levels of the GABAergic neuroactive steroid, allopregnanolone, are diminished in MDD and PTSD patients, which corroborates the finding of depleted neurosteroid levels observed in animal models of these disorders. The neurotrophic protein, brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), is also reduced in the periphery and in the brain of MDD patients and depressed-like animals that express lower neurosteroid levels. Although the role of BDNF in PTSD psychopathology seems less clear and merits more research, we propose a causal link between allopregnanolone levels and BDNF expression that could function as a biomarker axis for the diagnosis of both MDD and PTSD.

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Section: Neurotrophic Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurosteroids and Neurotrophic Factors: What Is Their Promise as Biomarkers for Major Depression and PTSD?

Almeida

Barros

Pinna

2021

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…For example, correlational and experimental studies show that reducing screen time can improve concentration, learning, and memory [9,12,116], psychological well-being [117][118][119], reduce experiences of anxiousness and depressed moods [120], improve sleep [121] and overall mental health [63]. Studies in humans and animals models show that environmental enrichment can reduce or reverse some of the effects of deprivation, non-normative stimulation and even acute or chronic stress [122,123] at the behavioural and neural levels [109,[124][125][126]. Evidence suggests that brain structure volume is influenced by environmental enrichment [106].…”

Section: Consequences Of the Hypothesis And Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital dementia in the internet generation: excessive screen time during brain development will increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in adulthood

Manwell¹,

Tadros²,

Ciccarelli³

et al. 2022

J. Integr. Neurosci.

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Converging evidence from biopsychosocial research in humans and animals demonstrates that chronic sensory stimulation (via excessive screen exposure) a fects brain development increasing the risk of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural disorders in adolescents and young adults. Emerging evidence suggests that some of these effects are similar to those seen in adults with symptoms of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the early stages of dementia, including impaired concentration, orientation, acquisition of recent memories (anterograde amnesia), recall of past memories (retrograde amnesia), social functioning, and self-care. Excessive screen time is known to alter gray matter and white volumes in the brain, increase the risk of mental disorders, and impair acquisition of memories and learning which are known risk factors for dementia. Chronic sensory overstimulation (i.e., excessive screen time) during brain development increases the risk of accelerated neurodegeneration in adulthood (i.e., amnesia, early onset dementia). This relationship is a fected by several mediating/moderating factors (e.g., IQ decline, learning impairments and mental illness). We hypothesize that excessive screen exposure during critical periods of development in Generation Z will lead to mild cognitive impairments in early to middle adulthood resulting in substantially increased rates of early onset dementia in later adulthood. We predict that from 2060 to 2100, the rates of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) will increase significantly, far above the Centres for Disease Control (CDC) projected estimates of a two-fold increase, to upwards of a four-to-six-fold increase. The CDC estimates are based entirely on factors related to the age, sex, race and ethnicity of individuals born before 1950 who did not have access to mobile digital technology during critical periods of brain development. Compared to previous generations, the average 17-19-year-old spends approximately 6 hours a day on mobile digital devices (MDD) (smartphones, tablets, and laptop computers) whereas individuals born before 1950 at the same age spent zero. Our estimates include the documented e fects of excessive screen time on individuals born a ter 1980, Millennials and Generation Z, who will be the majority of individuals ≥65 years old. An estimated 4-to-6-fold increase in rates of ADRD post-2060 will result in widespread societal and economic distress and the complete collapse of already overburdened healthcare systems in developed countries. Preventative measures must be set in place immediately including investments and interventions in public education, social policy, laws, and healthcare.

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“…As observed, the levels of a neurotrophic factor implicated in learning, memory and neuroplasticity (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF) appeared reduced. However, exposure to an enriched environment has the potential to alter the BDNF molecular pattern and putatively affect neurogenesis [49,[88][89][90][91]. Recent findings associated dyslexia with stress-related genes, changes in the HPA axis and neuroplasticity.…”

Section: Stress In Pathophysiology and Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Dyslexia: Environment Matters

et al. 2021

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Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a multifactorial, specific learning disorder. Susceptibility genes have been identified, but there is growing evidence that environmental factors, and especially stress, may act as triggering factors that determine an individual’s risk of developing DD. In DD, as in most complex phenotypes, the presence of a genetic mutation fails to explain the broad phenotypic spectrum observed. Early life stress has been repeatedly associated with the risk of multifactorial disorders, due to its effects on chromatin regulation, gene expression, HPA axis function and its long-term effects on the systemic stress response. Based on recent evidence, we discuss the potential role of stress on DD occurrence, its putative epigenetic effects on the HPA axis of affected individuals, as well as the necessity of early and appropriate intervention, based on the individual stress-associated (endo)phenotype.

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Maternal deprivation impairs memory and cognitive flexibility, effect that is avoided by environmental enrichment

Cited by 31 publications

References 45 publications

Neurosteroids and Neurotrophic Factors: What Is Their Promise as Biomarkers for Major Depression and PTSD?

Neurosteroids and Neurotrophic Factors: What Is Their Promise as Biomarkers for Major Depression and PTSD?

Digital dementia in the internet generation: excessive screen time during brain development will increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in adulthood

Developmental Dyslexia: Environment Matters

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