Maternal hypertension induces alterations in immunological factors of colostrum and human milk

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in minerals, antibodies, complement and cytokine levels in the human milk of hypertensive women based on the time of collection (diurnal/nocturnal) and the type of milk. The material was collected from 23 mothers at three stages of maturity: 3 days (colostrum), 10 days (transitional milk) and 30 days (mature milk) postpartum -and at two times -diurnal (12:00 h) and nocturnal (24:00 h) -resulting in a total of 138 samples. The minerals, antibody, complement, IFN-γ and TGF-β cytokine levels were determined. Increases in sodium and potassium were observed independent of phase, while phosphorus was observed only during nocturnal period. IgA was higher in the transitional milk of hypertensive mothers in the nocturnal period. IgG was higher in the nocturnal period of hypertensive mothers regardless of milk maturation. The C3 protein increased during the diurnal period in the transitional and mature milk of hypertensive women. Milk concentrations of the cytokines IFN-γ and TGF-β were higher during the nocturnal period of hypertensive mothers. These data suggest that the milk of hypertensive mothers exhibits alterations proteins and inflammatory mediators, and these alterations are dependent on time and milk maturation.

Morbidades maternas modificam a composição nutricional do leite humano? uma revisão sistemática

“…Concerning the morbidities, nine papers evaluated diabetes mellitus [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] , one evaluated hypertension 18 and four overweight 17,[19][20][21] . Only one paper evaluated both diabetes and overweight ( Table 2).…”

“…The main results were: 1) three papers that evaluated the nutritional composition of human milk of women with diabetes mellitus found a lower concentration of lactose 10,11,15 , and four of fat 9,12,13,16 . Concerning hypertension, a higher total protein concentration was found in both colostrum and mature milk 18 . In the case of overweight, half of the studies observed a higher fat and energy content in the milk of these mothers 17,20 .…”

“…Year of publication country Sample (n) age (years) Butte et al 8 1987 USA 47 29 1 Bitman et al 9 1989 USA 14 23-39 2 Arthur et al 10 1989 Australia 44 24-40 2 Neubauer et al 11 1993 USA 77 NA Beusekom et al 12 1993 Netherlands 11 23-30 2 Jackson et al 13 1994 USA 77 NA Lammi-Keefe et al 14 1995 USA 43 NA Oliveira et al 15 2008 Brazil 30 22 1 Morceli et al 16 2010 Brazil 45 18-35 2 Bachour et al 17 2012 Lebanon 66 29 1 Massmann et al 18 2013 Brazil 23 18-35 2 Makela et al 19 2013 Finland 100 17-43 2 Fujimori et al 20 2015 Brazil 68 18-36 2 Dritsakou et al 21 2016 Greece 305 32 1…”

“…When we observed the impact of hypertension on the nutritional composition of human milk, only the study conducted by Massmann et al 18 was selected. In this study, the authors concluded that colostrum and mature milk from hypertensive mothers had higher levels of total protein.…”

The Impact of Dietary Fucosylated Oligosaccharides and Glycoproteins of Human Milk on Infant Well-Being

“…The scientific data concerning human milk glycomics in relation to maternal disease is fragmentary. However, it was reported that diabetes mellitus [72][73][74], overweight [75,76] or hypertension [77] of the lactating mother has an impact on the nutritional composition of milk. A summary of the main trends observed in the nutritional composition of mother's milk was presented by Amaral and coworkers [78] as well as the systematic review by Peila and coworkers [79].…”