Maternal immune markers in serum during gestation and in breast milk and the risk of asthma-like symptoms at ages 6 and 12 months: a longitudinal study

Soto‐Ramírez, Nelís; Karmaus, Wilfried; Yousefi, Mitra; Zhang, Hongmei; Liu, Jihong; Gangur, Venugopal

doi:10.1186/1710-1492-8-11

Cited by 29 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Immune markers IL-12 (p70), IL-4, IL-10, IL-1β, and CCL11 (eotaxin) in whey were not considered in the statistical analyses because high proportions of nondetectable values (low or undetectable concentrations) were obtained (14). Immune markers IL-5 and IL-13 showed low concentrations in whey (geometric mean: 0.12 and 0.19 pg/ml respectively; Table 2), whereas IgA, interferon (IFN)-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10 or CXCL10), and TGF-β1 showed higher concentrations than other immune markers (geometric mean: 12.97 mg/ml, 141.25 pg/ml, and 469.21 pg/ml, respectively).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, our data showed only that IL-5 was higher if the mother had a history of asthma (0.28 compared with 0.08 pg/ml). Recently, we reported that higher whey levels of IL-5 were a risk for asthmalike symptoms in children at ages of 6 and 12 mo (14). Thus, maternal history of asthma may partially contribute to the risk of asthma by increasing IL-5 levels in breast milk (history of maternal asthma → IL-5 in whey → asthma-like symptoms).…”

Section: Maternal Characteristics and Other Child's Covariatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The clinical data collection has been described elsewhere (14). In brief, women took part in two telephone or in-person interviews: A core demographic and baseline interview conducted before delivery and one interview 2 wk after delivery.…”

Section: Clinical Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pre- and perinatal characteristics and breast milk immune markers

et al. 2013

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Background: Maternal allergy and gestational exposures can alter the concentration of type-1/type-2/T-regulatory markers in breast milk. We tested whether maternal risk factors are related to breast milk immune markers. Methods: Expecting mothers were enrolled in [2008][2009][2010] in South Carolina in prenatal clinics and classes. Interferon (IFN)-γ-induced protein 10 (CXCL10), CCL11, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-13, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and immunoglobulin (Ig)A in 115 whey samples were measured by immunoassays. Maternal asthma, eczema, rhinitis, smoking, urogenital infections during gestation, pet exposure, education, race/ethnicity, age, body mass, and the child's birth date and sex were ascertained. The effects of these risk factors on immune markers were estimated using general linear models. results: Maternal asthma was linked to higher levels of IL-5, rhinitis to lower levels of IL-5 and INF-γ, and eczema to lower levels of IL-6. Gestational smoking was related to increased concentrations of CXCL8 and IL-6. African-American mothers had markedly higher levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, and CXCL8. Urogenital infections, maternal age, body mass, child's sex, and season of birth contributed to the variation. conclusion: The impact of maternal allergies on immune markers in breast milk was small compared with that of maternal nondisease characteristics. t he prevalence of allergic diseases, including asthma, eczema, and rhinitis, has increased significantly in past decades. Studies have reported that breastfeeding may influence the development of atopic disease (1-3). Breast milk contains a large number of immune-modulating factors (e.g., cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins (Ig), enzymes, and hormones) that are thought not only to allow the development of the infant's immune system but also to protect the infant from infection and gut inflammation (2,4,5). Because cytokines and chemokines are significant immune-modulating agents found in breast milk, identification of factors that influence their levels in breast milk is of importance. Knowledge on breast milk immune markers will help to evaluate future disease risks of breastfed infants.Several studies have reported different concentrations of immune constituents in breast milk obtained from atopic vs. nonatopic mothers (2,4,6,7), in addition to that obtained from mothers whose children developed cow's milk allergies compared with mothers having nonallergic children (3,5). Hence, exposures to different levels of immune factors through breast milk are considered to affect the occurrence of childhood allergies. However, relatively few studies have examined factors (e.g., maternal allergy) that may alter breast milk cytokine/ chemokine and IgA levels (2,4,5,8,9). Circumstantial evidence suggests that maternal allergy may be an important factor because a history of maternal asthma, rhinitis, and eczema seems to increase the risk of allergic diseases in infants (10). Studies have reported that mothers with allergic di...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Maternal Characteristics and Other Child's Covariatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pre- and perinatal characteristics and breast milk immune markers

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“…In addition, a study showed that the levels of soluble CD14, total IgA and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in breast milk at either day 7 or day 28 are not associated with subsequent development of eczema or atopic sensitization during the first year of life (38) . Similarly, but not totally, another study reported that maternal serum and whey levels of IL-5 and IL-13 are risk markers for asthma-like symptoms, whereas whey IgA and TGF-β1 seem to have a protective effect during infancy (13) . The composition of human milk can be affected by the diet of lactating women (39)(40)(41) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have suggested that breast-feeding, including EBF, predominant breast-feeding for at least 6 months and partial breast-feeding for up to 1 year, may reduce the risk of diarrhoea, respiratory illness and other common diseases in infants (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9) . However, for allergic diseases, such as wheezing/asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis, whether breast-feeding is protective or a risk remains controversial (10)(11)(12)(13) . In China, previous studies have investigated the association of feeding pattern and different infant illnesses.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of feeding pattern on infant illness in Chinese cities

Cai

Pan

Zhang

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To investigate the effect of different feeding patterns on the occurrence of diseases among infants. Design: Data on socio-economic status, feeding patterns before 6 months (exclusive breast-feeding (EBF); mixed feeding with breast milk and formula (MBF); exclusive formula-feeding (EFF)) and illness of infants were collected via face-to-face interviews. The proportions of infants who had ever been ill or hospitalized and their potential influence factors were investigated. Setting: Eight large cities in China. Subjects: Infants (n 1654) aged 0-11·9 months were recruited from hospitals. Results: For infants aged 0-2·9 months, the percentage who had been ill was 19·2 %, 24·1 % and 26·3 % among the EBF, MBF and EFF groups, respectively. For those aged 3-5·9 and 6-11·9 months, the corresponding percentages were 41·6 %, 45·6 % and 51·0 %, and 67·0 %, 73·4 % and 67·7 %. Respiratory disease was the most common reported illness and cause of hospitalization.

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Inflammatory mechanisms linking maternal and childhood asthma

Lebold

Jacoby

Drake

2020

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

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Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and remodeling. Asthma often develops during childhood and causes lifelong decrements in lung function and quality of life. Risk factors for childhood asthma are numerous and include genetic, epigenetic, developmental, and environmental factors. Uncontrolled maternal asthma during pregnancy exposes the developing fetus to inflammatory insults, which further increase the risk of childhood asthma independent of genetic predisposition. This review focuses on the role of maternal asthma in the development of asthma in offspring. We will present maternal asthma as a targetable and modifiable risk factor for childhood asthma and discuss the mechanisms by which maternal inflammation increases childhood asthma risk. Topics include how exposure to maternal asthma in utero shapes structural lung development with a special emphasis on airway nerves, how maternal type‐2 cytokines such as IL‐5 activate the fetal immune system, and how changes in lung and immune cell development inform responses to aero‐allergens later in life. Finally, we highlight emerging evidence that maternal asthma establishes a unique “asthma signature” in the airways of children, leading to novel mechanisms of airway hyperreactivity and inflammatory cell responses.

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Maternal immune markers in serum during gestation and in breast milk and the risk of asthma-like symptoms at ages 6 and 12 months: a longitudinal study

Cited by 29 publications

References 52 publications

Pre- and perinatal characteristics and breast milk immune markers

Pre- and perinatal characteristics and breast milk immune markers

Effect of feeding pattern on infant illness in Chinese cities

Inflammatory mechanisms linking maternal and childhood asthma

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