Maternal Obesity and Developmental Programming of Metabolic Disorders in Offspring: Evidence from Animal Models

Li, M.; Sloboda, Deborah M.; Vickers, Mark H.

doi:10.1155/2011/592408

Cited by 175 publications

(139 citation statements)

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“…A mother's gestational weight gain (GWG) is a risk factor for the development of overweight in her child. [1][2][3] However, it is not clear to what extent this effect is due to genetics, 4 a programming effect of maternal GWG on the fetus, 5 or a result of maternal lifestyle that already points toward a shared "obesogenic" environment in the course of childhood. 6 Maternal postdelivery weight gain could well represent this shared "obesogenic" environment.…”

Section: What This Study Addsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Gestational and Postdelivery Weight Gain and Child Weight

et al. 2015

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BACKGROUND: Maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) is a risk factor for the development of overweight in her child. It is unknown whether GWG programs the child's health or whether GWG indicates a shared familial lifestyle during childhood. To disentangle these influences, we studied the association of GWG and postdelivery maternal weight change simultaneously with child's weight development. METHODS:We used data from 3367 children participating in a birth cohort that started in 1996 in the Netherlands. Weight and height were self-reported. GWG was categorized as "inadequate," "adequate," and "excessive." Multivariable regression and mixed models were used to study maternal and child weight changes.RESULTS: Children of mothers with excessive GWG had a higher BMI z score and overweight prevalence (odds ratio [OR] 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99 to 1.46) throughout childhood. Children of mothers with a high ($1 kg/year) postdelivery weight gain had a 0.14 (95% CI, 20.08 to 0.36) higher change in BMI z score between age 1 and 14 years than children of mothers with a low (,0.5 kg/year) postdelivery weight gain. Children of mothers with excessive GWG in combination with a high postdelivery weight gain had the highest BMI z score and overweight risk at age 14 years (OR 3.53; 95% CI, 1.70 to 7.33).CONCLUSIONS: Maternal GWG and postdelivery weight gain contribute to child's weight development up to adolescence independently. WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Maternal gestational weight gain is associated with childhood overweight. It is unknown whether gestational weight gain programs the child' s health or whether gestational weight gain is an indicator of postnatal behavioral factors. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:We disentangled these influences by studying the effect of gestational weight gain simultaneously with postdelivery maternal weight change as an indicator for shared family lifestyle on child' s weight development and found that both had an independent effect.

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Section: What This Study Addsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Gestational and Postdelivery Weight Gain and Child Weight

et al. 2015

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“…Rat models represent one of the most popular model organisms used in maternal studies 8,9 . One advantage is their short gestation and lactation periods, lasting only approximately 21 days each; therefore the total time from the start of pregnancy to lactation represents a short period of time in which valuable data can be generated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk Collection in the Rat Using Capillary Tubes and Estimation of Milk Fat Content by Creamatocrit

Paul

Hallam

Reimer

2015

JoVE

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Milk, as the sole source of nutrition for the newborn mammal, provides the necessary nutrients and energy for offspring growth and development. It also contains a vast number of bioactive compounds that greatly affect the development of the neonate. The analysis of milk components will help elucidate key factors that link maternal metabolism and health with offspring growth and development. The laboratory rat represents a popular model organism for maternal studies, and rat milk can be used to examine the effect of various maternal physiological, nutritional, and pharmacological interventions on milk components, which may then impact offspring health. Here a simple method of manually collecting milk from the lactating rat that can be performed by a single investigator, does not require specialized vacuum or suction equipment, and provides sufficient milk for subsequent downstream analysis is described. A method for estimating the fat content of milk by measuring the percentage of cream within the milk sample, known as the creamatocrit, is also presented. These methods can ultimately be used to increase insight into maternal-child health and to elucidate maternal factors that are involved in proper growth and development of offspring. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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“…Developmental programmings of metabolic disorders in the offspring of obese mothers were discussed, with regard to the elucidation of mechanisms underlying altered obesity risk in the offspring [15]. Intrauterine origin of adult morbidity due to fetal programming was considered to be influenced by various changes of internal milieu of the mother, e.g.…”

Section: Interrelationships Between Early Nutrition Related To Physicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pregnancy, Exercise and Late Effects in the Offspring until Adult Age

Pařízková¹

2017

SOJGOW

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Maternal exercise during pregnancy as one of the critical periods can have significant delayed effect in the offsprring's fetal imprinting of future development until adult age; adequate and voluntary exercise is provided, not a forced one as a stress. Spontaneous physical activity of the offspring until adult age can be increased, and body composition, cardiac micro structure and reactibility (greater resistance to noxi), vasomotor function, glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity along with related diseases (diabetes) can be positively influenced. Bone development and also the enhancement of brain function and learning sensitivity can be improved as revealed in a number of experimental model animal studies. Exercise during pregnancy was also shown to compensate in the offspring the detrimental effect of inadequate, e.g. high fat diets. Possibility of introducing significant modifications of the programming of the offspring's desirable development and health status by adequate and physiological maternal exercise during pregnancy was supported also by some observations in humans. Keywords IntroductionThe level of physical activity (PA) and exercise (Ex) is an important environmental stimulus which has significant effect on a number of metabolic, humoral, functional, morphological, psychological and other characteristics of the organism which can manifest not only at present, but also as delayed consequences when implemented since the very beginning of life. Such effects depend on the character, intensity, frequency, duration of PA régimes and/or Ex, and the reaction and consequences can be also further modified by eventual adaptation to them when applied gradually and repeatedly during appropriate periods of time. Increased physical fitness, reduced adiposity along with reduced metabolic, musculoskeletal and psychological problems can result from adequate exercise, especially when applied during growth [1,2]. On the other hand, sudden forced implementation of increased Ex can become a stress with undesirable results as revealed e.g. in experimental models [3,4,5].Previous studies on the impact of Ex which modifies significantly energy balance and turnover showed also that the earlier such a stimulus is implemented and the longer it lasts, the more apparent are its manifestations; the adequacy of such a stimulus is essential, and should always have a character as related to the level of development of the organism when Ex is started to be implemented. Moreover, this effect can appear and has a special character when applied through the régime of PA of the pregnant mother [3][4][5][6].Fetal origin hypothesis of morbidity [4,5,7,8,9] and metabolic imprinting by prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors [6][7][8][9][10] concern also PA and Ex. Their impact can be transferred during pregnancy on the fetus due to physical activity régimes and reactive changes to them of the pregnant mother, and could manifest significantly in the offspring during its own postnatal period up to the adult age. The effect of PA ...

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Maternal Obesity and Developmental Programming of Metabolic Disorders in Offspring: Evidence from Animal Models

Cited by 175 publications

References 91 publications

Maternal Gestational and Postdelivery Weight Gain and Child Weight

Maternal Gestational and Postdelivery Weight Gain and Child Weight

Milk Collection in the Rat Using Capillary Tubes and Estimation of Milk Fat Content by Creamatocrit

Pregnancy, Exercise and Late Effects in the Offspring until Adult Age

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