“…Higher levels of reported PNS are associated with preterm birth, lower birth weight (Dunkel Schetter & Tanner, 2012;Shapiro, Fraser, Frasch, & Seguin 2013), obesity, metabolic dysfunction (Entringer, 2013), and more illnesses, and antibiotic treatments (Beijers, Jansen, Riksen-Walraven, & de Weerth, 2010). Higher PNS, as assessed with maternal prenatal cortisol concentrations, is also associated with offspring health (Zijlmans Korpela, Riksen-Walraven, de Vos, & de Weerth, 2015), including lower birth weight (Bolten et al, 2011;D'Anna-Hernandez et al, 2012;Goedhart et al, 2010), shorter gestational age (Diego et al, 2009;Erickson et al, 2001;Mercer et al, 2006), more infant respiratory and skin illnesses (Beijers et al, 2010), and larger systemic vascular resistance and lower artery elasticity (Rond o, Lemos, Pereira, & Souza, 2010;Rond o, Pereira, Lemos, & Ferreira, 2011). However, most studies on the relation between PNS and physical health in offspring focused on early life.…”