Maternal Protein Malnutrition: Current and Future Perspectives of Spirulina Supplementation in Neuroprotection

Abstract

Malnutrition has been widely recognized as a grave burden restricting the progress of underdeveloped and developing countries. Maternal, neonatal and postnatal nutritional immunity provides an effective approach to decrease the risk of malnutrition associated stress in adulthood. Particularly, maternal nutritional status is a critical contributor for determining the long-term health aspects of an offspring. Maternal malnutrition leads to increased risk of life, poor immune system, delayed motor development and cognitive dysfunction in the children. An effective immunomodulatory intervention using nutraceutical could be used to enhance immunity against infections. The immune system in early life possesses enormous dynamic capacity to manage both genetic and environment driven processes and can adapt to rapidly changing environmental exposures. These immunomodulatory stimuli or potent nutraceutical strategy can make use of early life plasticity to target pathways of immune ontogeny, which in turn could increase the immunity against infectious diseases arising from malnutrition. This review provides appreciable human and animal data showing enduring effects of protein deprivation on CNS development, oxidative stress and inflammation and associated behavioral and cognitive impairments. Relevant studies on nutritional supplementation and rehabilitation using Spirulina as a potent protein source and neuroprotectant against protein malnutrition (PMN) induced deleterious changes have also been discussed. However, there are many futuristic issues that need to be resolved for proper modulation of these therapeutic interventions to prevent malnutrition.

The Ratio of Ubiquinon Redox Forms in the Rat Liver Mitochondria Under Conditions of Different Nutrient Supply

“…Нині проблема метаболічних порушень за умов аліментарного дефіциту протеїну та надмірного споживання легкодоступних вуглеводів набуває особливої актуальності. Відомо, що аліментарна депривація протеїну призводить до інтенсифікації катаболічних процесів, індукції оксидативного стресу, водно-електролітного дисбалансу [6][7][8]. Водночас надлишкове вживання сахарози лежить в основі розвитку гіперінсулінемії, вираженої гіперглікемії, яка призводить до активації неферментативного глікозилюван ня протеїнів, що супроводжується порушенням їх функціональної активності [9,10].…”

Spirulina, The Boon of Nature

“…An enormous amount of Vitamins, minerals, nutrients present in spirulina ought to help in treating anemia and malnutrition in undernourished kids by increasing the volume of blood and the count of blood cells (Simpore et al, 2005;Azabji-Kenfack et al, 2011;Finamore et al, 2017;Sinha et al, 2018). Spirulina supplementation may be of great potential importance during pregnancy and lactation as it includes all the hematopoietic nutrients that will eventually bene it both mother and fetus (Poormoosavi et al, 2019).…”

Polymethoxy-1-Alkenes Screening of Chlorella and Spirulina Food Supplements Coupled with In Vivo Toxicity Studies

“…All in all, this highlights that exploring the presence of PMAs in commercially available microalgal supplements for human consumption is urgently needed. This is particularly important given the fact that these products are reported to be used by pregnant women [22], and some authors suggest that they may be beneficial during pregnancy and lactation as well as early childhood development due to their nutritional value [25,26]. In our previous research, we have successfully utilized nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry to screen PMA content in cyanobacteria A. gracile and R. raciborskii isolated from freshwater lakes in Poland.…”