Maternal risk factors for a child’s health prior to and during pregnancy (results of long-term cohort monitoring in Vologda region)

Abstract

The work presents the results of the 26-year monitoring with its focus on children’s health. Pre-school children living in the Vologda region were selected as a research object. The aim was to assess health risks for children caused by certain maternal factors and conditions. The study was accomplished as an intra-cohort analysis of data on 1454 children from five cohorts (born in 1998, 2001, 2004, 2014 and 2020) by calculating a relative risk rate. Negative effects produced by sociodemographic, socioeconomic and environmental conditions as well as maternal harmful occupational factors during pregnancy are significant health risk factors for a child. It is true not only for the neonatal period but also during pre-school years. Such health-related factors as stillbirths in case history, complications of a present pregnancy (up-to-date reproductive technologies being applied to achieve it, eclampsia, multiple pregnancy, dangerous fetus position, prematurity, postmaturity, anemia, edemas, protein in urine) and birth (rapid labor, use of vacuum extraction) do the most severe damage to a child’s health at birth and their influence persists as a child grows. Other significant risk factors that influence children’s health in their pre-school years include diseases of the genitourinary and endocrine systems diagnosed in a mother prior to pregnancy; a mother being single; low incomes; electromagnetic radiation at a place where a family lives; harmful working conditions at a mother’s workplace (gases in workplace air, work on a conveyor belt, radiation exposure). A mother’s young age is also a health risk factor for a fetus during the prenatal period but its influence reduces as a child grows. In contrast, if a mother is older than 40, this factor protects a child’s health during pregnancy but increases likelihood of retarded neuropsychic development by the school age (due to a mother’s low health potential). Overwhelming majority of health risk factors we detected in this study are quite manageable. Our results can be used in creating programs aimed at preserving health of a mother and a child at any level, from individual to national one.

Risk of Perinatal Mortality Among the Offspring of Workers Employed at Production With Radiation Hazards

“…1. Анализ относительного риска перинатальных потерь в зависимости от календарного периода подтвердил значимые статистические различия только для периода [1949][1950][1951][1952][1953] Оценка риска мертворождений в различных категориях возраста родителей показала значимые статистические различия только в категории возраста отцов [31][32][33][34][35] лет: мертворождения среди потомков мужского пола в основной группе наблюдались в три раза чаще, чем в контрольной -ОР = 3,2 (ДИ: 1,08-9,51). Однако результаты данного анализа следует интерпретировать с осторожностью в связи с тем, что у 2,3 % (170 / 7543) мальчиков в основной группе не было информации по возрасту отцов.…”

“…В научной литературе представлен широкий спектр неблагоприятных факторов риска здоровью ребенка, в том числе таких медико-биологических факторов, как наличие абортов в анамнезе, порядковый номер родов, течение беременности, состояние здоровья матери [30,31]. Акушерская и экстрагенитальная патологии осложняют течение антенатального периода и ведут к формированию различной патологии у плода, а также формируют риск развития патологии у ребенка в период новорожденности и в более старшем возрасте [32,33].…”