Maternal separation exaggerates spontaneous recovery of extinguished contextual fear in adult female rats

Xiong, Gui-Jing; Yang, Yuan; Wang, Li Ping; Xu, Lin; Mao, Rong-Rong

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.015

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…This result corroborates previous studies that showed that deprived male animals spend more time in the open arms compared to the non‐deprived ones (Weiss et al, 2011). In fact, previous studies report an anxiolytic effect induced by stressors exposure in early life (Farkas et al, 2009; Xiong et al, 2014; Zhang et al, 2014). In addition, in the present study, we showed that male animals presented a lower numbers of PHD and higher NPHD movements in relation to female (at the same age), indicating an effect of gender in these parameters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Maternal deprivation alters nociceptive response in a gender‐dependent manner in rats

Ströher

Oliveira

Lopes

et al. 2019

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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The present study aimed at investigating both the early and long‐term effects of maternal deprivation as well as gender on neuromotor reflexes, anxiety behavior and thermal nociceptive responses. A total of 64 Wistar rats pups (32 males, 32 females) were utilized and were deprived of their mother for 3 h/daily, from postnatal day 1 (P1) until P10. Successively, animals were divided into 2 groups: control group (C) ‐ pups no subjected to intervention; and the maternal‐deprived group (MD): pups subjected to maternal deprivation. The neuromotor reflexes were evaluated through the righting reflex and negative geotaxis tests; the exploratory behavior by open field test (OFT); the anxiety‐like behavior by elevated plus‐maze test (EPM); the thermal nociceptive responses byhot plate (HP) and tail‐flick (TFL) tests. All the animals subjected to maternal deprivation showed a delayed reflex response at P8 in the negative geotaxis test. In contrast, the OFT at P20 identified an effect of gender on the outer crossings and grooming as well as an interaction between gender and maternal deprivation on latency. Additionally, effect of maternal deprivation in the open and closed arms as well as gender effect in the protected head‐dipping (PHD) and non‐protected head‐dipping (NPHD) were observed at P20 (EPM). In contrast, there were a gender effect on latency and an interaction between gender and maternal deprivation on rearing at P42. Moreover, in nociceptive tests was observed an analgesic effect induced by maternal deprivation; however, in the TFL test, only deprived females showed this effect. Surprisingly, only control animals presented an ontogeny nociceptive effect in the HP testat P21 and P43, which may be related to an increase in the inhibitory nociceptive pathways throughout life. In this way, we suggest maternal deprivation to be able to anticipate the maturation of the inhibitory nociceptive pathway. In conclusion, maternal deprivation induced a delayed reflex response at P8 and altered the anxiety and nociceptive behaviors according to the time after exposure to this stressor, in a gender‐specific manner.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Maternal deprivation alters nociceptive response in a gender‐dependent manner in rats

Ströher

Oliveira

Lopes

et al. 2019

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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“…However, environmental enrichment after weaning restored plasticity in PS animals, as well as the associated impairments in spatial memory (Yang et al, 2007), emphasizing the impact of the neonate's environment on PS effects. Not surprisingly, disturbed LTP in the CA1, CA3, and DG is also observed as a consequence of stress in the neonate (by both LN and MS; Brunson et al, 2005; Cui et al, 2006; Ivy et al, 2010; Batalha et al, 2013; Cao et al, 2014; Xiong et al, 2014). However, these perturbations are not always found and may depend on the developmental stage affected by stress (Gruss et al, 2008), the sex of the animal (Oomen et al, 2011), and the age of testing (Brunson et al, 2005).…”

Section: Hpa-axis Programming By Early Life Stress (Els)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar results have been observed in rats following chronic corticosterone treatment (Bartosz et al, 2011), suggesting a role for glucocorticoids in this impaired LTP. MS has been shown to result in LTP impairment in the IL layer II/III-layer V (Xiong et al, 2014), and ELS to impair extinction retrieval of context-dependent fear memories by preventing the synaptic potentiation of hippocampal-PL cortex neural pathway, which displayed synaptic inhibition rather than potentiation (Judo et al, 2010). Another study into the effects of PS confirmed this aberrant hippocampal-PFC functional connectivity as the temporal coupling between neuronal discharge in the medial PFC (mPFC) and hippocampal sharp-wave ripples was decreased by PS (Negrón-Oyarzo et al, 2015).…”

Section: Hpa-axis Programming By Early Life Stress (Els)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Early Life Stress Exposure

Bodegom

Homberg

Henckens

2017

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

446

331

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Exposure to stress during critical periods in development can have severe long-term consequences, increasing overall risk on psychopathology. One of the key stress response systems mediating these long-term effects of stress is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; a cascade of central and peripheral events resulting in the release of corticosteroids from the adrenal glands. Activation of the HPA-axis affects brain functioning to ensure a proper behavioral response to the stressor, but stress-induced (mal)adaptation of the HPA-axis' functional maturation may provide a mechanistic basis for the altered stress susceptibility later in life. Development of the HPA-axis and the brain regions involved in its regulation starts prenatally and continues after birth, and is protected by several mechanisms preventing corticosteroid over-exposure to the maturing brain. Nevertheless, early life stress (ELS) exposure has been reported to have numerous consequences on HPA-axis function in adulthood, affecting both its basal and stress-induced activity. According to the match/mismatch theory, encountering ELS prepares an organism for similar (“matching”) adversities during adulthood, while a mismatching environment results in an increased susceptibility to psychopathology, indicating that ELS can exert either beneficial or disadvantageous effects depending on the environmental context. Here, we review studies investigating the mechanistic underpinnings of the ELS-induced alterations in the structural and functional development of the HPA-axis and its key external regulators (amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex). The effects of ELS appear highly dependent on the developmental time window affected, the sex of the offspring, and the developmental stage at which effects are assessed. Albeit by distinct mechanisms, ELS induced by prenatal stressors, maternal separation, or the limited nesting model inducing fragmented maternal care, typically results in HPA-axis hyper-reactivity in adulthood, as also found in major depression. This hyper-activity is related to increased corticotrophin-releasing hormone signaling and impaired glucocorticoid receptor-mediated negative feedback. In contrast, initial evidence for HPA-axis hypo-reactivity is observed for early social deprivation, potentially reflecting the abnormal HPA-axis function as observed in post-traumatic stress disorder, and future studies should investigate its neural/neuroendocrine foundation in further detail. Interestingly, experiencing additional (chronic) stress in adulthood seems to normalize these alterations in HPA-axis function, supporting the match/mismatch theory.

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“…Echoing the aforementioned sex differences in extinction in human subjects, stress effects on extinction have 19 also been reported to be sex-dependent. For example, the same chronic (restraint) stress regimen that impairs extinction in males, tends to facilitate extinction in females (Baran et al, 2009); but see (Xiong et al, 2014). Of course, considerable work is required to further explore sex differences in stress effects on extinction given that the majority of work has been done in males.…”

Section: Stress Effects On Extinction: Animal Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress and Fear Extinction

Maren

Holmes

2015

Neuropsychopharmacol

344

264

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Stress has a critical role in the development and expression of many psychiatric disorders, and is a defining feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress also limits the efficacy of behavioral therapies aimed at limiting pathological fear, such as exposure therapy. Here we examine emerging evidence that stress impairs recovery from trauma by impairing fear extinction, a form of learning thought to underlie the suppression of trauma-related fear memories. We describe the major structural and functional abnormalities in brain regions that are particularly vulnerable to stress, including the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus, which may underlie stress-induced impairments in extinction. We also discuss some of the stress-induced neurochemical and molecular alterations in these brain regions that are associated with extinction deficits, and the potential for targeting these changes to prevent or reverse impaired extinction. A better understanding of the neurobiological basis of stress effects on extinction promises to yield novel approaches to improving therapeutic outcomes for PTSD and other anxiety and trauma-related disorders.

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Maternal separation exaggerates spontaneous recovery of extinguished contextual fear in adult female rats

Cited by 30 publications

References 62 publications

Maternal deprivation alters nociceptive response in a gender‐dependent manner in rats

Maternal deprivation alters nociceptive response in a gender‐dependent manner in rats

Modulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Early Life Stress Exposure

Stress and Fear Extinction

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