“…More recently, studies have shown that prior stress exposure influences maternal care across generations ( Rosenblatt, 1975 ; Purcell et al, 2011 ; Orso et al, 2019 ; Nephew et al, 2017 ; Zaidan et al, 2023 ). Maternal stress also influences lactation and breastmilk composition, ( Purcell et al, 2011 ; Ziomkiewicz et al, 2021 ; Juncker et al, 2023 ; Pfister and Muir, 2009 ) which significantly influences offspring development and stress-related phenotypes ( Abbink et al, 2020 ; Walker et al, 2004 ). Thus, the nongenomic transmission of MPS phenotypes involves both the maternal germline and behavior, the mechanisms of which are important to dissect.…”