Maternal Vitamin D Levels and Its Correlation With Low Birth Weight in Neonates: A Tertiary Care Hospital Experience in Saudi Arabia

Almidani, Eyad; Barkoumi, Abdullatif; Elsaidawi, Weam; Aliyan, Saleh Al; Kattan, Abdulhakiem; Al-Hazzani, Fahad; Jabr, Mohammed Bin; Binmanee, Abdulaziz; Alsahan, Nada; Alazmeh, Saria

doi:10.7759/cureus.14528

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…VD deficiency has been linked to a higher risk of low birth weight (22) . Statistically, this study found no association between maternal VDLs and LBW; according to Almidani et al (23) , there is no link between VD in the mother and the infant's birth weight. However, the mean VDLs of mothers with newborns of average weight are higher.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…Vitamin D's extraskeletal roles in embryonic development have been the subject of recent studies. These roles include adipogenesis, cell proliferation, glucose homeostasis, and immunomodulation (23,28) . VDLs in the mother was observed to have strong associations with the Apgar scores of their newborns; higher levels were associated with better Apgar score.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Vitamin D in Mothers and Newborns at Birth in Sulaimani Maternity Teaching Hospital

Mahmood,

Noori

2023

JSMC

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BackgroundDeficiencies in vitamin D are frequent worldwide. Approximately 1 billion individuals around the globe are vitamin D deficient (<20ng/ml), and half of the population is insufficient (20-29ng/ml). According to extensive epidemiological studies, vitamin D deficiency is common in women, particularly pregnant and nursing mothers. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is associated with various maternal and fetal health effects. ObjectivesVitamin D levels in fetuses and newborns are directly related to their mothers’ levels during pregnancy. The study aims to assess and compare the vitamin D levels of mothers and their newborn babies. Additionally, we are interested in determining whether there is a link between vitamin D levels and delivery outcomes. Patients and MethodsOne hundred pairs of mothers and newborns enrolled in a cross-sectional study at Maternity Teaching Hospital in Sulaimani. Any newborn baby diagnosed with a congenital abnormality during pregnancy was excluded. Also, any mother that was on anticonvulsant drugs was excluded. Blood samples for vitamin D analysis were taken from the mothers and newborns at birth. In addition, the demographic and medical data of the mothers and newborns were recorded. All evaluations had a p-value of 0.05 as the threshold for statistical significance. ResultsThe mothers’ and newborns’ mean vitamin D were 17.2±13.33 ng/ml and 10.48±9.77 ng/ml, respectively. An examination of the data using statistical methods indicated a connection between the vitamin D found in mothers and the levels found in their newborns (p-value=0.001). Furthermore, higher levels during pregnancy were linked to better Apgar scores (≥7) for their newborn children (p-value=0.03). Maternal vitamin D level was not statistically associated with other birth outcomes; p-value > 0.05. ConclusionThe results of this study show that vitamin D deficiency in mothers leads to deficiency in their newborns. Except for the Apgar score, no statistically significant relationship was found between maternal vitamin D levels and other birth outcomes.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Vitamin D in Mothers and Newborns at Birth in Sulaimani Maternity Teaching Hospital

Mahmood,

Noori

2023

JSMC

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“…In contrast to all of the above, Thompson et al [23], who assessed the causal effects of maternal 25(OH)D levels and calcium supplementation on offspring birth weight in pregnancy, found no effect on birth weight in otherwise healthy neonates. The study by Almidani et al [24] reached a similar conclusion; the association of neonatal birth weight with maternal 25(OH)D levels during pregnancy was statistically insignificant for both early term (after 37 + 0 to 38 + 6 weeks of gestation) and full-term infants (after 39 to 40 weeks of gestation). The clinical study by Hajhashemi et al [25] tested the administration of a higher vitamin D dose supplement of 4000 IU/day for 10 weeks in pregnant women with VDD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Are Maternal Vitamin D (25(OH)D) Levels a Predisposing Risk Factor for Neonatal Growth? A Cross-Sectional Study

Kokkinari,

Dagla,

Antoniou

et al. 2024

Clinics and Practice

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Background: Neonatal bone mass may potentially be influenced by existing maternal vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels. Few studies evaluated maternal vitamin D deficiency (VDD) with neonatal anthropometrics such as weight, height and head circumference (HC), especially in Greece, which is a Mediterranean country with plenty of sunshine and consequently benefits the synthesis of 25(OH)D. We investigated this potential association in Greece, taking into account the administration or not of prenatal vitamin D supplements. The purpose of our study is to ascertain if there is a possible association between maternal VDD and neonatal specific anthropometric characteristics (weight, height and HC) at birth. If this is confirmed by future clinical studies, it would be of interest to develop a prenatal pregnancy selection program that would detect VDD early or during pregnancy in order to improve fetal–neonatal development in a Mediterranean country like ours. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on 248 early early term infants (after 37 + 0 to 38 + 6 weeks of gestation) but also on full-term infants (after 39 to 40 weeks of gestation) and their Greek mothers from September 2019 to January 2022. Blood samples of 25(OH)D were taken from the mother at the beginning of labor and cord blood was taken from the newborn. Pregnant women were divided into two groups: those who received or did not receive a normal dose of calcium (500 mg/day) and vitamin D supplements (400–800 IU/day) as instructed by their treating physicians. Results: Our findings revealed a positive association between maternal VDD and low neonate birth weight (LBW) in women receiving vitamin D during pregnancy and no association between maternal VDD and neonatal height or head circumference (HC) at birth. Conclusions: Overall, this study highlighted the association between maternal VDD at the end of gestation and LBW neonates born to mothers who received vitamin D supplementation. We did not find any correlation in two of the three somatometric characteristics studied, height and HC. In any case, more clinical studies are needed to further corroborate any potential association of maternal VDD with other neonatal somatometric characteristics.

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“…Another study, conducted in Riyadh, confirmed that 60% of women were deficient in vitamin D [20]. Almidani et al [102] confirmed that 87.4% of mothers had a vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy. A study from the Al-Jouf region confirmed that 70% of pregnant women are deficient in vitamin D [103].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…This is why serum and molecular studies on vitamin D, as well as the VDR, show variable results within the kingdom. Limited studies have been conducted in Saudi women diagnosed with GDM, and SNPs in the VDR gene [43][44][45] and serum levels [22,34,102,145] were studied separately. In the current study, we integrated serum levels and SNPs of the VDR gene and presented a combined treatment in women with GDM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relevance of Serum Levels and Functional Genetic Variants in Vitamin D Receptor Gene among Saudi Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Ali Khan,

Alhaizan,

Neyazi

et al. 2023

Nutrients

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Background: This study explored the association between ApaI–TaqI Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in a Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in Saudi women, along with the serum levels of vitamin D. Methods: Ninety women with GDM and 90 non-GDM women were enrolled, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria for pregnant women enrolled in a single-center study. Blood samples were retrieved from 180 pregnant women using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes. Serum samples were used to measure the vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D or calcidiol), and lipid profiles. Blood was used to measure the hemoglobin A1c levels and to isolate the DNA. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for the ApaI (rs79785232), BsmI (rs1544410), FokI (rs2228570), and TaqI (rs731236) SNPs in the VDR gene using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Validation was performed using Sanger sequencing. Statistical analyses were performed between the patients with and without GDM using various statistical software packages. Results: The Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium analysis was statistically significant (p > 0.05). The ApaI, BsmI, and TaqI SNPs were associated with alleles, genotypes, and different genetic models (p < 0.05). Vitamin D levels were associated with deficient levels (p = 0.0002), as well as with a normal and overweight body mass index (p = 0.0004). When vitamin D levels were measured with GDM covariates, the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (p = 0.0001), postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) (p < 0.0001), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-1 h (p = 0.005), high-density lipoprotein (p = 0.022), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) (p = 0.001) levels were significantly different. When similar vitamin D levels were measured for each genotype, we confirmed that the ApaI SNP was associated with sufficient levels (p < 0.0001), whereas the BsmI, FokI, and TaqI (p < 0.05) were associated with insufficient levels. The logistic regression model confirmed that the first hour of the OGTT (p = 0.005) was strongly associated with GDM, whereas the analysis of variance confirmed that FPG and PPBG (p < 0.05) were strongly associated with all the SNPs evaluated in the VDR gene. Additionally, the second hour of the OGTT (p = 0.048) and LDLc (p = 0.049) were associated with the ApaI and FokI SNP. Moreover, the first hour OGTT (p = 0.045) and lipid profile parameters (p < 0.05) were associated. Haplotype analysis revealed positive associations among the examined SNPs, which seemed compatible with the hypothesis that variants and combinations of multiple SNP genotypes enhance the risk of GDM in women. Haplotype analysis revealed that different combinations of alleles, such as AGCC, CATT, CGTC, AGTC, and CATT (p < 0.05), were strongly associated. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis showed a strong association with all combinations (p < 0.05). Among the gene–gene interactions, all possible combinations showed a positive association (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Low vitamin D levels were observed in women with GDM. The ApaI, BsmI, and TaqI SNPs were associated with genotype and allele frequencies (p < 0.05). Vitamin D and the SNPs in the VDR gene were associated, according to the ANOVA, logistic regression, haplotype analysis, LD analysis, and the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction model (p < 0.05).

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Maternal Vitamin D Levels and Its Correlation With Low Birth Weight in Neonates: A Tertiary Care Hospital Experience in Saudi Arabia

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

Evaluation of Vitamin D in Mothers and Newborns at Birth in Sulaimani Maternity Teaching Hospital

Evaluation of Vitamin D in Mothers and Newborns at Birth in Sulaimani Maternity Teaching Hospital

Are Maternal Vitamin D (25(OH)D) Levels a Predisposing Risk Factor for Neonatal Growth? A Cross-Sectional Study

Relevance of Serum Levels and Functional Genetic Variants in Vitamin D Receptor Gene among Saudi Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

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