Maternal waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure during lactation induces hormonal and biochemical changes in rat dams and offspring

Abstract

BACKGROUND Waterpipe smoking was initiated in India 1 and was invented by Hakim AbulFath, an Indian physician, as a way to reduce the harmful effect of tobacco smoking by delivering it through water. 2 The prevalence of waterpipe is the highest in the Eastern Mediterranean and Europe countries, especially among youth. 3 Worldwide, it is estimated that about 100 million people smoke waterpipe on a daily basis. 4 The available statistics show that prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) during pregnancy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries ranges from 5% to 9%. 5-7 The chemical composition of the emitted side stream from waterpipe was examined, and several toxic substances were identified. Compared to a single cigarette, the emitted side stream smoke from a single waterpipe session contains higher amounts of carbon monoxide (CO), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nicotine. 8 Breastfeeding is the most proper approach to provide a complete nutritional supply to neonatal and infant children and supports the optimal growth and development. The American Academy of Paediatrics recommends exclusive

Is maternal cigarette or water pipe use associated with stopping breastfeeding? Evidence from the Jordan population and family health surveys 2012 and 2017–18

“…Our data analysis detected no difference concerning the rate of current breastfeeding in mothers who smoked water pipe tobacco. This is in line with Al-Sawalha et al [ 40 ], who reported no change in either the prolactin level or the volume of produced milk in rat dams exposed to water pipe tobacco smoke during lactation. However, several adverse effects were noted in male offspring of the dams, including impairment of long-term memory, a reduction in brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and the induction of oxidative stress in the hippocampus [ 41 ].…”

“…However, several adverse effects were noted in male offspring of the dams, including impairment of long-term memory, a reduction in brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and the induction of oxidative stress in the hippocampus [ 41 ]. Previous study reported some changes in milk composition, reduced levels of milk lactose and blood glucose, and increased levels of blood triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and leptin in lactating dams after exposure to water pipe tobacco smoke [ 40 ].…”