Maternally directed orienting behaviors of newborn rats

Polan, H. Jonathan; Hofer, Myron A.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199905)34:2<269::aid-dev3>3.0.co;2-l

Cited by 47 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…When the data from each pup is considered (right columns, Table 2), a greater proportion preferred familiar odor in study A relative to study B ( 2 ϭ 5.53; P Ͻ 0.02). This difference suggests that prenatal or very early postnatal learning (28) or self referral (29) could be involved in modulating choice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parent–progeny recognition as a function of MHC odortype identity

Yamazaki

Beauchamp

Curran

et al. 2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

120

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The several linked polymorphic genes of the MHC, which has been proposed as a prime determinant of sensed genetic individuality within species, is known to operate in mice by olfactory recognition in aspects of reproductive behavior that concern mate selection, thereby favoring outbreeding and heterozygosity, and also concern the maintenance of pregnancy. A single base-change can alter an individual MHC odortype, and the potential range of combinatorial MHC-determined odortypes is clearly vast. Following our findings that newborn mice already express their MHC odortype (which is detectable at 9 days of gestational age), we sought to determine whether MHC is involved in behavioral aspects of early development, such as rearing. In the studies presented herein, we report the ability and proclivity of mothers to recognize and preferentially retrieve syngeneic (genetically identical) pups from other pups differing only for MHC. Reciprocally, we report the ability of pups to recognize their familial environment, regardless of whether they had been nursed by their biological mothers or by foster mothers. Early learning experiences of the MHC environment are apparently a key element in survival, assuring maternal protection and promoting outbreeding.chemosensation ͉ olfaction ͉ mammalian pheromones ͉ infant

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parent–progeny recognition as a function of MHC odortype identity

Yamazaki

Beauchamp

Curran

et al. 2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

120

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“…For example, offspring body weight affects the amount of maternal care received in animals ranging from birds (Gottlander, 1987) to humans (Beaulieu and Bugental, 2008;Feldman and Eidelman, 2007;Singer et al, 2003) with heavier offspring receiving higher priority for maternal care. Furthermore, differences among offspring in behaviors that solicit maternal attention (which in rats include ultrasonic vocalization, moving close to the mother, and probing her with their snouts and paws ;Polan and Hofer, 1999;Shair et al, 1997) greatly contributes to how much care they receive (Stern, 1997). Even human infants differ in the pitch and frequency of their crying, amount of physical activity, and degree of demandingness for attention -all of which affect their mother's responses to them (Bornstein and Manian, 2013;Lester, Boukydis, Garcia-Coll, Hole, and Peuker, 1992;McGuire and Dunn, 1994) -and contributes to later differences between human siblings in their prosocial behavior (Stocker, Dunn, and Plomin, 1989;Brody et al, 1987) and emotional regulation (Eley, Liang, Plomin, Sham, Sterne, Williamson, and Purcell, 2004;Shanahan, McHale, Crouter, and Osgood, 2007a).…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations among within-litter differences in early mothering received and later emotional behaviors, mothering, and cortical tryptophan hydroxylase-2 expression in female laboratory rats

Ragan

Harding

Lonstein

2016

Hormones and Behavior

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This article is part of a Special Issue "Parental Care". The effects of differential maternal care received on offspring phenotype in rodents has been extensively studied between litters, but the consequences of differential mothering within litters on offspring neurobehavioral development have been rarely examined. We here investigated how variability in maternal care received among female rat siblings (measured four times daily on postnatal days 4, 6, 8, and 10) relates to the siblings' later emotional and maternal behaviors. As previously reported, we found that some female pups received up to three times more maternal licking bouts compared to their sisters; this difference was positively correlated with the pups' body weights. The number of maternal licking bouts that females received was negatively correlated with their later neophobic behaviors in an open field during periadolescence, but positively correlated with their anxiety-related behavior in an elevated plus maze during adulthood. Licking received was also positively correlated with females' later likelihood to retrieve pups in a maternal sensitization paradigm. In addition, females' neophobia during adolescence and anxiety-related behavior during adulthood predicted some aspects of both postpartum and sensitized maternal responsiveness. Medial prefrontal cortex expression of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2; enzyme necessary for serotonin synthesis) was negatively associated with early maternal licking received. Interestingly, cortical TPH2 was positively associated with the maternal responsiveness of sensitized virgins but negatively associated with it in postpartum females. These results indicate that within-litter differences in maternal care received is an often neglected, but important, contributor to individual differences in offspring socioemotional behaviors as well as to the cortical serotonin neurochemistry that may influence these behaviors.

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“…This paradoxical learning presumably occurs because pups must learn the maternal odor, which is then used to approach the mother and nipple attach (Hofer et al 1976;Pedersen et al 1982;Leon 1992;Polan and Hofer 1999). Therefore, pups' survival is dependent on odorapproach learning, suggesting that evolutionary pressure may have selected for a neural circuit to ensure pups only learn to approach their caregiver, regardless of the quality of care received (Bowlby 1965;Hofer and Sullivan 2001).…”

Section: Ecological Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogeny of odor-LiCl vs. odor-shock learning: Similar behaviors but divergent ages of functional amygdala emergence

Raineki¹,

Shionoya²,

Sander³

et al. 2009

Learn. Mem.

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Both odor-preference and odor-aversion learning occur in perinatal pups before the maturation of brain structures that support this learning in adults. To characterize the development of odor learning, we compared three learning paradigms: (1) odor-LiCl (0.3M; 1% body weight, ip) and (2) odor-1.2-mA shock (hindlimb, 1sec)-both of which consistently produce odor-aversion learning throughout life and (3) odor-0.5-mA shock, which produces an odor preference in early life but an odor avoidance as pups mature. Pups were trained at postnatal day (PN) 7-8, 12-13, or 23-24, using odor-LiCl and two odor-shock conditioning paradigms of odor-0.5-mA shock and odor-1.2-mA shock. Here we show that in the youngest pups (PN7-8), odor-preference learning was associated with activity in the anterior piriform (olfactory) cortex, while odor-aversion learning was associated with activity in the posterior piriform cortex. At PN12-13, when all conditioning paradigms produced an odor aversion, the odor-0.5-mA shock, odor-1.2-mA shock, and odor-LiCl all continued producing learning-associated changes in the posterior piriform cortex. However, only odor-0.5-mA shock induced learning-associated changes within the basolateral amygdala. At weaning (PN23-24), all learning paradigms produced learning-associated changes in the posterior piriform cortex and basolateral amygdala complex. These results suggest at least two basic principles of the development of the neurobiology of learning: (1) Learning that appears similar throughout development can be supported by neural systems showing very robust developmental changes, and (2) the emergence of amygdala function depends on the learning protocol and reinforcement condition being assessed.Even in utero, infant rats rapidly learn to avoid odors paired with malaise (LiCl) as expressed by learning an odor aversion (Garcia et al. 1966(Garcia et al. , 1974Hennessey et al. 1976;Haroutunian and Campbell 1979;Smotherman 1982;Stickrod et al. 1982;Rudy and Cheatle 1983;Kucharski and Spear 1984;Smotherman and Robinson 1985, 1990;Alleva and Calamandrei 1986;Miller et al. 1990b; Best 1992, 1993;Richardson and McNally 2003;Gruest et al. 2004;Shionoya et al. 2006). In contrast to adult odor-LiCl learning, which relies on the amygdala (Touzani and Sclafani 2005), this early-life, odoraversion learning relies on the olfactory bulb until the pup approaches weaning age, when the amygdala is incorporated into the learning circuitry (Shionoya et al. 2006). In contrast, if infant rats receive an odor paired with a moderately painful stimulus (0.5-mA foot or tail shock, or tail pinch) the amygdala appears to be incorporated into this learning circuitry around postnatal day Here we expand assessment of the developing pups' odoraversion learning circuit by including the anterior and posterior piriform cortex, which have previously been demonstrated to be important for both pup and adult odor learning (Litaudon et al. 1997;Barkai and Saar 2001;Mouly et al. 2001;Mouly and Gervais 2002;Tronel and Sara 2002;Moriceau and Su...

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Maternally directed orienting behaviors of newborn rats

Cited by 47 publications

References 31 publications

Parent–progeny recognition as a function of MHC odortype identity

Parent–progeny recognition as a function of MHC odortype identity

Associations among within-litter differences in early mothering received and later emotional behaviors, mothering, and cortical tryptophan hydroxylase-2 expression in female laboratory rats

Ontogeny of odor-LiCl vs. odor-shock learning: Similar behaviors but divergent ages of functional amygdala emergence

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