Materno-foetal exchanges and utilisation of nutrients by the foetus: comparison between species

Père, Marie-Christine

doi:10.1051/rnd:2003002

Cited by 70 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 99 publications

(162 reference statements)

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“…Glycogen is deposited in pig fetuses during the last month of gestation in liver and muscle tissues (Père, 2003). At birth, the concentration of glycogen is greater in the liver (9.6% of wet weight) than in muscles (6.5% to 8.4% of wet weight), but the total pool of glycogen deposited in the muscles is ∼10 times larger than the depot in the liver owing to the larger muscle mass .…”

Section: Attempts To Increase Glycogen Depots By Sow Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal piglet survival: impact of sow nutrition around parturition on fetal glycogen deposition and production and composition of colostrum and transient milk

Theil

Lauridsen

Quesnel

2014

animal

183

161

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Piglet survival is a major problem, especially during the first 3 days after birth. Piglets are born deficient of energy, but at the same time they have a very high energy requirement because of high physical activity, high need for thermoregulation (because of their lean body with low insulation) and high heat production in muscle tissues. To be able to survive, newborn piglets may rely upon three different sources of energy, namely, glycogen, colostrum and transient milk, which orchestrate to cover their energy requirements. Piglets are born with limited amounts of energy in glycogen depots in the liver and muscle tissues and these depots are sufficient for normal activity for ∼16 h. Intake and oxidation of fat and lactose from colostrum must supply sufficient amount of energy to cover at least another 18 h until transient milk becomes available in the sow udder ∼34 h after the first piglet is born. Selection for large litters during the last two decades has challenged piglets even further during the critical neonatal phase because the selection programs indirectly decreased birth weight of piglets and because increased litter size has increased the competition between littermates. Different attempts have been made to increase the short-term survival of piglets, that is, survival until day 3 of lactation, by focusing on improving transfer of vital maternal energy to the offspring, either in utero or via mammary secretions. Thus, the present review addresses how sow nutrition in late gestation may favor survival of newborn piglets by increasing glycogen depots, improving colostrum yield or colostrum composition, or by increasing production of transient milk.

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Section: Attempts To Increase Glycogen Depots By Sow Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal piglet survival: impact of sow nutrition around parturition on fetal glycogen deposition and production and composition of colostrum and transient milk

Theil

Lauridsen

Quesnel

2014

animal

183

161

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“…It has been reported, however, that in the fetal horse only a few plasma amino acids are present at higher concentrations than in the maternal plasma but, although such measurements are limited, they do indicate that glutamine is concentrated in the equine fetus (Silver et al 1994;Zicker et al 1994;Pere 2003). Glutamine is the most abundant free alpha amino acid in the circulation of most mammals (Curthoys and Watford 1995;Newsholme et al 2003) and it plays important roles in the transport of nitrogen, carbon and energy between tissues, including a large uptake across the placenta during pregnancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine placenta expresses glutamine synthetase

Manso

Costa

et al. 2008

Vet Res Commun

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In most mammalian species the developing fetus utilizes large amounts of glutamine derived both from the maternal circulation and synthesized de novo in the placenta. The present study was designed to determine the role of the placenta in glutamine synthesis in the horse. The placentae from eight Standardbred mares were sampled immediately after parturition together with additional tissues obtained at necropsy from three Standbred mares during diestrous. Glutamine synthetase protein was detectable in the non-pregnant horn of the placenta in amounts similar to those seen in gluteus muscle, but the amount in the pregnant horn was two times greater than in the non-pregnant horn. Glutamine was the second most abundant amino acid in amniotic fluid at a concentration of 310 +/- 26 micromole/L with that of glycine being 535 +/- 48 micromole/L. The most abundant amino acids in placental tissue were glycine (3,732 +/- 194 micromole/Kg), glutamate (3,500 +/- 343 micromole/Kg) and glutamine (2,836 +/- 208 micromole/Kg). The results illustrate the importance of glutamine to the equine fetus and establish that the placenta, particularly the pregnant horn, has considerable capacity for glutamine synthesis.

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“…To summarise, with the advancement of pregnancy, the dry matter, the absolute and relative (on DM basis) protein and ash concentrations of fetuses decrease, while their fat level (on DM basis) increases, which phenomenon makes the rabbit fetus somewhat similar to the human one. As Pere (2003) has stated, the fat to protein ratio remains low and relatively constant in rats and pigs, whereas in humans and rabbits it increases dramatically during the last quarter of gestation. In the present study its values were 0.13, 0.16 and 0.38 on days 14, 21 and 28 of gestation, respectively (Fig.…”

Section: Fetusesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Study of the energy and protein balance of pregnant rabbit does using two comparative methods

Fekete

Hullár

Romvári

et al. 2005

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica

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The total body composition of 4 × 10 female, 5-month-old New Zealand White rabbits was determined, using direct chemical analysis and computerised tomography (CT). Ten non-pregnant rabbits (control) and 3 × 10 pregnant rabbits at days 14, 21 and 28 of gestation, respectively, were included in the study. With the advancement of pregnancy, the body weight (BW) of does significantly (P < 0.05) increased (control: 3255 g, day 28: 3938 g), while the dry matter, DM (control: 43.02%, day 28: 40.94%), ether extract, EE (control: 20.15%, day 28: 18.13%), crude protein, CP (control: 20.15%, day 28: 18.13%), and energy concentration decreased (control: 12.41 MJ/kg BW, day 28: 11.81 MJ/kg BW). During pregnancy the protein content of uteri (control: 12.24%, day 28: 49.45% of DM) and the retained energy in the form of uterus with fetuses (day 14: 0.824 MJ, day 28: 2.189 MJ) increased, while the dry matter (control: 82.39%, day 28: 28.96%) and ether extract content (control: 86.05%, day 28: 45.92% of DM) of uteri decreased. With the advancement of pregnancy the dry matter (day 14: 39.70%, day 28: 18.65%) and crude protein (day 14: 75.74%; day 28: 63.63% of DM) content and the number of fetuses (day 14: 8.8; day 28: 6.4) decreased, while their fat concentration (day 14: 10.13%, day 28: 24.34% of DM) increased. According to the equations created from the CT pictures, body fat (R 2 = 0.871) and energy (R 2 = 0.926) content can be predicted with high accuracy. The accuracy of predicting body protein content is much lower (R 2 = 0.356), which can be improved by introducing the body weight as a new dependent variable (R 2 = 0.797). It can also be concluded that, in contrast to other animal species, rabbit fetuses show considerable development not only in the last trimester of gestation but already from the second half of pregnancy.

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Materno-foetal exchanges and utilisation of nutrients by the foetus: comparison between species

Cited by 70 publications

References 99 publications

Neonatal piglet survival: impact of sow nutrition around parturition on fetal glycogen deposition and production and composition of colostrum and transient milk

Neonatal piglet survival: impact of sow nutrition around parturition on fetal glycogen deposition and production and composition of colostrum and transient milk

Equine placenta expresses glutamine synthetase

Study of the energy and protein balance of pregnant rabbit does using two comparative methods

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