Mathematical Consequences of the Genealogical Species Concept

Hudson, Richard R.; Coyne, Jerry A.

doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01467.x

Cited by 471 publications

(404 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Briefly, because the three genes are evolving independently, and may not always accurately reflect the history of the species' relationships, we used the gene trees to search for the 'best-fit' species tree that minimizes the number of deep coalescences of the gene trees (Maddison 1997). Gene trees of recently diverged taxa may not be monophyletic, due to incomplete lineage sorting (Hudson & Coyne 2002;Funk & Omland 2003), although a significant phylogenetic signal may still be present (Maddison & Knowles 2006). By accounting for the possibility of incomplete lineage sorting, this approach infers of species' relationships without requiring the gene trees to be monophyletic.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Once a Batesian mimic, not always a Batesian mimic: mimic reverts back to ancestral phenotype when the model is absent

Prudic

Oliver

2008

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Batesian mimics gain protection from predation through the evolution of physical similarities to a model species that possesses anti-predator defences. This protection should not be effective in the absence of the model since the predator does not identify the mimic as potentially dangerous and both the model and the mimic are highly conspicuous. Thus, Batesian mimics should probably encounter strong predation pressure outside the geographical range of the model species. There are several documented examples of Batesian mimics occurring in locations without their models, but the evolutionary responses remain largely unidentified. A mimetic species has four alternative evolutionary responses to the loss of model presence. If predation is weak, it could maintain its mimetic signal. If predation is intense, it is widely presumed the mimic will go extinct. However, the mimic could also evolve a new colour pattern to mimic another model species or it could revert back to its ancestral, less conspicuous phenotype. We used molecular phylogenetic approaches to reconstruct and test the evolution of mimicry in the North American admiral butterflies (Limenitis: Nymphalidae). We confirmed that the more cryptic white-banded form is the ancestral phenotype of North American admiral butterflies. However, one species, Limenitis arthemis, evolved the black pipevine swallowtail mimetic form but later reverted to the white-banded more cryptic ancestral form. This character reversion is strongly correlated with the geographical absence of the model species and its host plant, but not the host plant distribution of L. arthemis. Our results support the prediction that a Batesian mimic does not persist in locations without its model, but it does not go extinct either. The mimic can revert back to its ancestral, less conspicuous form and persist.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Once a Batesian mimic, not always a Batesian mimic: mimic reverts back to ancestral phenotype when the model is absent

Prudic

Oliver

2008

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…The estimates of divergence time between the four species show that P. breweriana separates from the others, whereas P. glauca was more closely related to P. abies than to P. mariana. Phylogenetic relationship based on organelle DNA could be unreliable because of higher rate of random genetic drift rate and complete linkage among loci, making mitochondrial DNA in essence equivalent to a single locus (Hudson and Coyne, 2002). Thus, we randomly picked out one individual in each species and constructed a phylogenetic tree based on multi-locus nuclear DNA using BEST programme (Liu and Pearl, 2007).…”

Section: Polymorphism At Allozyme and Nucleotide Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Actually, recent genomic studies have largely confirmed its importance for recent speciation events (for example, Patterson et al, 2006). More generally, Hudson and Coyne (2002) have shown that under a simple allopatric model of speciation with no selection it will take approximately 9-12 N e generations for the genealogies of 495% of the loci to be reciprocally monophyletic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights on the speciation history and nucleotide diversity of three boreal spruce species and a Tertiary relict

et al. 2009

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In all, 10 nuclear loci were re-sequenced in four spruce species. Three of the species are boreal species with very large natural ranges: Picea mariana and P. glauca are North American, and P. abies, is Eurasian. The fourth species, P. breweriana, is a Tertiary relict from Northern California, with a very small natural range. Although the boreal species population sizes have fluctuated through the Ice Ages, P. breweriana is believed to have had a rather stable population size through the Quaternary. Indeed, the average Tajima's D was close to zero in this species and negative in the three boreal ones. Reflecting differences in current population sizes, nucleotide diversity was an order of magnitude lower in P. breweriana than in the boreal species. This is in contrast to the similar and high levels of heterozygosity observed in previous studies at allozyme loci across species. As the species have very different histories and effective population sizes, selection at allozyme loci rather than demography appears to be a better explanation for this discrepancy. Parameters of Isolation-with-Migration (IM) models were also estimated for pairs of species. Shared polymorphisms were extensive and fixed polymorphisms few. Divergence times were much shorter than those previously reported. There was also evidence of historical gene flow between P. abies and P. glauca. The latter was more closely related to P. abies than to its sympatric relative P. mariana. This last result suggests that North American and Eurasian species might have been geographically much closer in the recent past than they are today.

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“…For the COX1 DNA barcode to work under neutral theory, there must be sufficient time for lineages to sort via random accumulation of neutral mutations (Hudson and Coyne 2002) and gene flow among species must be negligible (Lohse 2009). In birds, however, huge radiations of species with unique COX1 nucleotide sequences evolved within a time period significantly less than the time required for complete lineage sorting under neutral theory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitonuclear coevolution as the genesis of speciation and the mitochondrial DNA barcode gap

Hill

2016

Ecology and Evolution

150

178

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Mitochondrial genes are widely used in taxonomy and systematics because high mutation rates lead to rapid sequence divergence and because such changes have long been assumed to be neutral with respect to function. In particular, the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 has been established as a highly effective DNA barcode for diagnosing the species boundaries of animals. Rarely considered in discussions of mitochondrial evolution in the context of systematics, speciation, or DNA barcodes, however, is the genomic architecture of the eukaryotes: Mitochondrial and nuclear genes must function in tight coordination to produce the complexes of the electron transport chain and enable cellular respiration. Coadaptation of these interacting gene products is essential for organism function. I extend the hypothesis that mitonuclear interactions are integral to the process of speciation. To maintain mitonuclear coadaptation, nuclear genes, which code for proteins in mitochondria that cofunction with the products of mitochondrial genes, must coevolve with rapidly changing mitochondrial genes. Mitonuclear coevolution in isolated populations leads to speciation because population‐specific mitonuclear coadaptations create between‐population mitonuclear incompatibilities and hence barriers to gene flow between populations. In addition, selection for adaptive divergence of products of mitochondrial genes, particularly in response to climate or altitude, can lead to rapid fixation of novel mitochondrial genotypes between populations and consequently to disruption in gene flow between populations as the initiating step in animal speciation. By this model, the defining characteristic of a metazoan species is a coadapted mitonuclear genotype that is incompatible with the coadapted mitochondrial and nuclear genotype of any other population.

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Mathematical Consequences of the Genealogical Species Concept

Cited by 471 publications

References 42 publications

Once a Batesian mimic, not always a Batesian mimic: mimic reverts back to ancestral phenotype when the model is absent

Once a Batesian mimic, not always a Batesian mimic: mimic reverts back to ancestral phenotype when the model is absent

New insights on the speciation history and nucleotide diversity of three boreal spruce species and a Tertiary relict

Mitonuclear coevolution as the genesis of speciation and the mitochondrial DNA barcode gap

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