Mathematical estimations of hyper-ammonia producing ruminal bacteria and evidence for bacterial antagonism that decreases ruminal ammonia production

Rychlik, J

doi:10.1016/s0168-6496(00)00021-0

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Different bacterial species can break down dietary protein and ferment peptides and amino acids with the concomitant production of ammonia and VFAs, but the rate of ammonia and ATP production can vary considerably (Rychlik and Russell, 2000). In our study, only modest changes in deamination activity were observed during the Figure 3 Analysis of principal components to evaluate the effect of casein supplementation on ruminal parameters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…This result is consistent with the idea that greater availability of degradable protein will increase amino acid degradation by a more specialized population of ruminal bacteria. It has been estimated that hyper-ammonia producing bacteria have a lower substrate affinity (K m ) than the mixed ruminal bacteria, but the V max of ammonia production is ∼12.5-fold greater than the mixed ruminal bacteria of forage fed animals (Rychlik and Russell, 2000). Therefore, a higher RDP content in the diet could impact both SAD and the concentration of ruminal ammonia, demonstrating the influence of the diet in the activity of rumen microorganisms and nitrogen metabolism in the rumen (Bach et al, 2005;Calsamiglia et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of protein supplementation on ruminal parameters and microbial community fingerprint of Nellore steers fed tropical forages

Bento

Azevedo

Gomes

et al. 2016

Animal

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In tropical regions, protein supplementation is a common practice in dairy and beef farming. However, the effect of highly degradable protein in ruminal fermentation and microbial community composition has not yet been investigated in a systematic manner. In this work, we aimed to investigate the impact of casein supplementation on volatile fatty acids (VFA) production, specific activity of deamination (SAD), ammonia concentration and bacterial and archaeal community composition. The experimental design was a 4 × 4 Latin square balanced for residual effects, with four animals (average initial weight of 280 ± 10 kg) and four experimental periods, each with duration of 29 days. The diet comprised Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) hay with an average CP content of 9.8%, on a dry matter basis. Animals received basal forage (control) or infusions of pure casein (230 g) administered direct into the rumen, abomasum or divided (50 : 50 ratio) in the rumen/abomasum. There was no differences ( P > 0.05) in ruminal pH and microbial protein concentration between supplemented v. non-supplemented animals. However, in steers receiving ruminal infusion of casein the SAD and ruminal ammonia concentration increased 33% and 76%, respectively, compared with the control. The total concentration of VFA increased ( P < 0.05) in steers receiving rumen infusion of casein. SAD and the microbial protein concentration did not vary significantly among treatments during the feeding cycle, but mean SAD values were greater in steers supplemented in the rumen and rumen/abomasum. Ruminal ammonia concentration was positively correlated with SAD in animals receiving ruminal infusion of casein. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis revealed low similarity between treatments, animals and time of sample collection. Richness analysis and determination of the Shannon-Wiener index indicated no differences ( P > 0.05) in species richness and diversity of γ-proteobacteria, firmicutes and archaea between non-supplemented Nellore steers and steers receiving casein supplementation in the rumen. However, species richness and the Shannon-Wiener index were lower ( P < 0.05) for the phylum bacteroidetes in steers supplemented with casein in the rumen compared with non-supplemented animals. Venn diagrams indicated that the number of unique bands varied considerably among individual animals and was usually higher in number for non-supplemented steers compared with supplemented animals. These results add new knowledge about the effects of ruminal and postruminal protein supplementation on metabolic activities of rumen microbes and the composition of bacterial and archaeal communities in the rumen of steers.Keywords: beef cattle, casein, rumen degradable protein, deamination, microbial fingerprint ImplicationsFormulation of cattle diets requires balancing the availability of carbohydrates and protein in order to maximize microbial growth in the rumen. Increasing the availability of rumen degradable protein (RDP) is useful to red...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of protein supplementation on ruminal parameters and microbial community fingerprint of Nellore steers fed tropical forages

Bento

Azevedo

Gomes

et al. 2016

Animal

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“…Coculture experiments with HAB found that washed mixed-rumen bacteria (MRB) from cattle fed grain were able to decrease ammonia production from HAB, but MRB from cattle fed hay did not affect HAB (Rychlik and Russell, 2000). Those authors used autoclaved MRB and did not observe HAB inhibition.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of direct-fed Bacillus pumilus 8G-134 on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, feed conversion, and health condition of pre- and postpartum Holstein cows

Luan

Duersteler

Galbraith

et al. 2015

Journal of Dairy Science

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The usage of direct-fed microbials (DFM) has become common in the dairy industry, but questions regarding choice of strain, mode of action, and efficacy remain prevalent. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a DFM (Bacillus pumilus 8G-134) on pre- and postpartum performance and incidence of subclinical ketosis in early lactation. Forty-three multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to 2 treatments in a randomized complete block design; cows in the direct-fed microbial treatment (DFMt, n=21) received 5.0×10(9) cfu/cow of B. pumilus in 28 g of a maltodextrin carrier, whereas cows in the control treatment (CON, n=22) received 28 g of maltodextrin carrier alone. Treatments were top-dressed on the total mixed ration daily. Treatments were applied from 21 d before expected calving date to 154 d after calving. Cows on treatment DFMt tended to have lower serum haptoglobin concentration than CON cows on d 14. Cows on treatment DFMt had higher IgA concentrations in milk than CON cows during the first week after calving. Cows fed DFMt had higher yields of milk, fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, milk fat, and milk protein during the second week of lactation than CON; however, we found no differences between treatments on milk yield and milk components overall. Cows on DFMt tended to have higher feed conversion and to have lower prevalence of subclinical ketosis (beta-hydroxybutyrate >1.2 mmol/L) on d 5 than cows fed CON. Dry matter intake, body weight, and body condition score were not affected by DFMt supplementation. Milk production efficiencies (calculated based on fat-corrected milk and energy-corrected milk) were higher by 0.1 kg of milk per kilogram of dry matter intake in cows that received DFMt compared with cows that received CON. In conclusion, cows receiving DFMt tended to have lower incidence of subclinical ketosis than cows receiving CON. Cows fed DFMt tended to have higher feed conversion and evidence for greater immunity than CON. Supplementation with B pumilus 8G-134 may provide benefits for transition cow health and milk production efficiency.

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“…Previous work indicated that cattle fed hay had obligate amino acid-fermenting ruminal bacteria (1,6,17,24), and a mathematical model based on kinetic parameters indicated that these bacteria should account for approximately 5% of the total population (25). However, if ruminal fluid from a cow fed the same type of hay was serially diluted into basal medium supplemented with amino acids and peptides, little growth and ammonia production were detected in dilutions of Ն10 Ϫ6 (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Bacteriocin-Like Activity of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens JL5 and Its Effect on Other Ruminal Bacteria and Ammonia Production

Rychlik

Russell

2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

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When ruminal bacteria from a cow fed hay were serially diluted into an anaerobic medium that had only peptides and amino acids as energy sources, little growth or ammonia production was detected at dilutions greater than 10 ؊6 . The 10 ؊8 and 10 ؊9 dilutions contained bacteria that fermented carbohydrates, and some of these bacteria inhibited Clostridium sticklandii SR, an obligate amino acid-fermenting bacterium. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the most active isolate (JL5) was closely related to Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens B835. Strain JL5 inhibited B. fibrisolvens 49 and a variety of other gram-positive organisms, but it had little effect on most gramnegative ruminal bacteria. Strain JL5 did not produce a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) until it reached the late log or stationary phase. The JL5 BLIS did not cause the lysis of B. fibrisolvens 49, but the intracellular potassium level, the ATP level, the electrical potential, and the viability decreased rapidly. The JL5 BLIS also caused marked decreases in the viability and cellular potassium level of C. sticklandii SR. The membrane potential and intracellular ATP level also declined. The BLIS was degraded very slowly by pronase E, but it could be precipitated with 60% ammonium sulfate and dialyzed (3,500-Da cutoff). The BLIS could be separated from other peptides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and C. sticklandii SR overlays indicated that the molecular size of this compound was approximately 3,600 Da. Based on these results, it appeared that the JL5 BLIS was a pore-forming peptide. Because carbohydrate-fermenting ruminal bacteria could inhibit the growth of obligate amino acid-fermenting bacteria, BLIS may play a role in regulating ammonia production in vivo.

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Mathematical estimations of hyper-ammonia producing ruminal bacteria and evidence for bacterial antagonism that decreases ruminal ammonia production

Cited by 14 publications

References 28 publications

Effect of protein supplementation on ruminal parameters and microbial community fingerprint of Nellore steers fed tropical forages

Effect of protein supplementation on ruminal parameters and microbial community fingerprint of Nellore steers fed tropical forages

Effects of direct-fed Bacillus pumilus 8G-134 on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, feed conversion, and health condition of pre- and postpartum Holstein cows

Bacteriocin-Like Activity of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens JL5 and Its Effect on Other Ruminal Bacteria and Ammonia Production

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