Mathematical Model and Calibration Procedure of a PSD Sensor Used in Local Positioning Systems

Rodríguez-Navarro, David; Galilea, José Luis Lázaro; Bravo, Ignácio; Gardel, Alfredo; Domingo-Perez, Francisco; Tsirigotis, Georgios

doi:10.3390/s16091484

Cited by 24 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…7 that the proposed method is reducing the associated noise to a large degree. This is very consistent with the result of the other research in the area [18].…”

Section: Figure 4 the Overall Noise Associated With The Psd System Isupporting

confidence: 93%

Method and Apparatus for a Differential Localized Microscopy System Based on Position Sensitive Detector

Dijkkomp

Ogale

2018

IJRE

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A precise measurement of position using a Position Sensitive Detector (PSD) is fundamental in mitigating the geometric error factors that are caused by the pincushion-type distortion of these sensors. These errors can be addressed by implementing a differential localized method to significantly reduce signal to noise ratio (SNR) in PSD and the microscopy system. The differential method based on Time difference of Arrival (TDoA) is proposed and implemented in this research. The simulation and the actual results of the system further confirm the significant improvement in accuracy and precision of the system.

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“…7 that the proposed method is reducing the associated noise to a large degree. This is very consistent with the result of the other research in the area [18].…”

Section: Figure 4 the Overall Noise Associated With The Psd System Isupporting

confidence: 93%

Method and Apparatus for a Differential Localized Microscopy System Based on Position Sensitive Detector

Dijkkomp

Ogale

2018

IJRE

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“…Regarding the distortion, in [23], the sources of error due to electronic components were studied in a PSD-based system, providing a solution to correct these errors. In [24], the geometric model and calibration of an IPS PSD-based system were developed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System

De-La-Llana-Calvo

Lázaro-Galilea

Gardel

et al. 2020

Sensors

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There are several technologies and techniques available when developing indoor positioning systems (IPS). Recently, the development of positioning systems based on optical signals has aroused great interest, mainly those using visible light from the lighting infrastructure. In this work, we analyze which techniques give better results to lay the foundations for the development of a Visible Light Positioning system (VLP). Working only with a receiver, it is analyzed what the result of determining the position of different emitters is when they emit simultaneously and without any synchronism. The results obtained by Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) (with digital bandpass filters, I/Q demodulation, and FFT) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) are compared. The interference between signals when emitted simultaneously from multiple emitters is analyzed as well as the errors they cause and how these effects can be mitigated. As a result of the research, the advantages and disadvantages using different multiple-access determination techniques are determined. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of using FDMA and CDMA techniques as well as hardware requirements that make one more feasible than the other are presented. The system behavior, in terms of errors, is established using FDMA and different configurations such as: I/Q, RMS, or FFT. The work also determines the error rates that can be obtained with the different FDMA and CDMA configurations, considering different error scenarios and integration time. Synthetic emulations and empirical tests were performed, which concluded that IPS systems based on optical signals and PSD sensors can achieve very high measurement accuracies and a high measurement rate. Obtained positioning errors in a room of 3 m height are less than 1 cm when working in noisy environments.In indoor positioning, no technology has been imposed as the GPS has in outdoor positioning. By contrast, different techniques are complementary and cooperative, while the characteristics of the environment itself limit the use of one particular technology.Taking into consideration the intended application for which an IPS system is going to be used, power consumption, coverage, accuracy, privacy, and cost are key factors to select the technology to use [10][11][12].Our paper is related to IPS based on the optical signal. In this regard, several research works make use of LED lighting, sharing the cost of the installation for illumination. The authors of [13,14] obtained positioning data relevant to compare accuracy and precision.In [13], each LED in a lighting sends 3D space coordinates and an image sensor receives the signal. By numerical analyses, the authors showed that, when using a 1000 × 1000 pixels image sensor as receiver, the receiver's position can be measured with an accuracy error of less than 1.5 m. In [14], the authors used a high-speed complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor to receive the digitized information. The sampling frequency of the image sensor is up to 48 ...

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“…The intrinsic matrix

is defined by the lens parameters f ,

, and

, which can be obtained from a geometrical calibration of the system [ 25 ]. The computation of the 2D coordinates of the impact point on the PSD surface can only be carried out once the electrical corrections and the radial and tangential distortion corrections of the system formed by the PSD and the lens have been made [ 24 , 25 ]. The extrinsic matrix

matrix is calculated from the three Euler angles that define the orientation of the PSD sensor with respect to the world coordinate system.…”

Section: Ips Proposal Based On the Optical Signal With A Psd Sensomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main shortcomings, on the other hand, are the need for dedicated infrastructure, i.e., installing the PSD on the ceiling, and errors due to multipath effects and distortions that affect the ideal AoA measurement. A complete analysis and correction of these distortions was presented in [ 24 , 25 ]. A procedure to model and correct the errors due to multipath effects was proposed in [ 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy and Precision Assessment of AoA-Based Indoor Positioning Systems Using Infrastructure Lighting and a Position-Sensitive Detector

De-La-Llana-Calvo

Salido-Monzú

Lázaro-Galilea

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Unlike GNSS-based outdoor positioning, there is no technological alternative for Indoor Positioning Systems (IPSs) that generally stands out from the others. In indoor contexts, the measurement technologies and localization strategies to be used depend strongly on the application requirements and are complementary to each other. In this work, we present an optical IPS based on a Position-Sensitive Detector (PSD) and exploiting illumination infrastructure to determine the target position by Angle of Arrival (AoA) measurements. We combine the proposed IPS with different positioning strategies depending on the number of visible emitters (one, two, or more) and available prior or additional information about the scenario and target. The accuracy and precision of the proposal is assessed experimentally for the different strategies in a 2.47 m high space covering approximately 2.2 m2, using high-end geodetic equipment to establish the reference ground truth. When the orientation of the target is known from external measurements, an average positioning error of 8.2 mm is obtained using the signal received from only one emitter. Using simultaneous observations from two emitters, an average positioning error of 9.4 mm is obtained without external information when the target movement is restricted to a plane. Conversely, if four signals are available, an average positioning error of 4.9 cm is demonstrated, yielding the complete 3D pose of the target free of any prior assumption or additional measurements. In all cases, a precision (2σ) better than 5.9 mm is achieved across the complete test space for an integration time of 10 ms. The proposed system represents a prospectively useful alternative for indoor positioning applications requiring fast and reliable cm-level accuracy with moderate cost when smart illumination infrastructure is available in the environment.

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Mathematical Model and Calibration Procedure of a PSD Sensor Used in Local Positioning Systems

Cited by 24 publications

References 23 publications

Method and Apparatus for a Differential Localized Microscopy System Based on Position Sensitive Detector

Method and Apparatus for a Differential Localized Microscopy System Based on Position Sensitive Detector

Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System

Accuracy and Precision Assessment of AoA-Based Indoor Positioning Systems Using Infrastructure Lighting and a Position-Sensitive Detector

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