Mathematical Modeling and Simulation to Investigate the CNS Transport Characteristics of Nanoemulsion-Based Drug Delivery Following Intranasal Administration

Towards the Development of Delivery Systems of Bioactive Compounds With Eyes Set on Pharmacokinetics

“…Exploring mucosal absorption, the nasal delivery has some particular appeals for brain-targeting drugs and immune-modulating products, due to the olfactory receptor neurons pathway nose-CNS, the relatively high permeability of the nasal epithelium, the low enzymatic activity and the presence of immunocompetent cells (Lagoa et al, 2020a;Tiwari et al, 2012). A recent work introduced a semi-mechanistic compartmental model to describe systemic and brain drug pharmacokinetics following intranasal delivery, and formulation-specific parameters revealed the differences in transport processes between aqueous solution and nanoemulsion dosage forms (Kadakia et al, 2019).…”

Donepezil Brain and Blood Pharmacokinetic Modeling after Nasal Film and Oral Solution Administration in Mice

“…However, to describe the IN absorption adequately, all the transport events occurring in the different nasal cavity areas should be taken into consideration. Two approaches have been employed to explain the absorption phase: the two absorption compartments (slow and fast absorption) [ 12 ] and the transit absorption to explain the direct but slow transfer to the brain [ 13 , 14 ]. The direct CNS drug absorption from the respiratory region is usually considered insignificant, and it is not included in model building [ 14 ].…”

“…Two approaches have been employed to explain the absorption phase: the two absorption compartments (slow and fast absorption) [ 12 ] and the transit absorption to explain the direct but slow transfer to the brain [ 13 , 14 ]. The direct CNS drug absorption from the respiratory region is usually considered insignificant, and it is not included in model building [ 14 ]. However, in several cases, its contribution to direct transport to the brain is equivalent to that from the olfactory area [ 15 ].…”

Comparative Study of the Development and Characterization of Ecofriendly Oil and Water Nanoemulsions for Improving Antifungal Activity

“…In recent years, the use of chemical pesticides in agriculture practices has raised serious issues in terms of progression toward resistant microbes and environmental contamination. , To resolve these problems, nanotechnology has attained great importance in agriculture due to its controlled drug release and targeted and higher efficacy against pathogens. − In the agri-sector, various risks are associated with the application of engineered nanomaterials as nanopesticides during interaction with plants and soil. , Nanoemulsion, an innovative and greener facet of nanotechnology, has been explored widely in drug delivery systems, food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries in recent decades. − Nanoemulsions are colloidal nanodispersions of oil and water being thermodynamically stabilized by an interfacial layer of surfactant/cosurfactant with a higher solubilization capacity and kinetic stability as compared to unstable emulsions and suspensions . Essential oils have been reported earlier for their proficient antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens, , but their efficiency has been limited due to the low solubility with water, strong odor, less stability, and the higher amount required for the application of antimicrobial activity. , A paradigm shifted toward nanoemulsions over the bulk form because of their higher stability and hydrophilic nature. , …”