Mathematical Modeling of the Melting of Sponge Iron in a Bath of Non-reactive Molten Slag

Pineda-Martínez, Eduardo; Hernández-Bocanegra, Constantin Alberto; Conejo, Alberto N.; Ramírez-Argáez, Marco A.

doi:10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2015-190

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This plate is then submerged in a metal bath at temperature T b > T m and carbon content [%C]. Assuming that heat transfer occurs only in the axial direction and constant physical properties for the plate, a heat balance at the interface between the solid plate and the metal bath gives [11,[18][19][20]:…”

Section: Scrap Meltingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) Operation

2020

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Basic oxygen furnaces (BOFs) are widely used to produce steel from hot metal. The process typically has limited automation which leads to sub-optimal operation. Economically optimal operation can be potentially achieved by using a dynamic optimization framework to provide operators the best combination of input trajectories. In this paper, a first-principles based dynamic model for the BOF that can be used within the dynamic optimization routine is described. The model extends a previous work by incorporating a model for slag formation and energy balances. In this new version of the mathematical model, the submodel for the decarburization in the emulsion zone is also modified to account for recent findings, and an algebraic equation for the calculation of the calcium oxide saturation in slag is developed. The dynamic model is then used to simulate the operation of two distinct furnaces. It was found that the prediction accuracy of the developed model is significantly superior to its predecessor and the number of process variables that it is able to predict is also higher.

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Section: Scrap Meltingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) Operation

2020

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“…The layer increases the particle diameter from 12 to 18 mm, which starts to soften after approximately 6 s. Depending on the considered EAF arc length, the calculated diameter reaches 0 mm after 13 to 17 s. The melting rate critically depends on the initial pellet diameter. Pineda-Martínez et al [10] report similar results in contact with non-reactive slags. However, due to the lower heat transfer, the melting times are dramatically higher compared to the liquid steel case.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

The Behavior of Direct Reduced Iron in the Electric Arc Furnace Hotspot

Pfeiffer

Ernst²,

Zheng

et al. 2023

Metals

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Hydrogen-based direct reduction is a promising technology for CO2 lean steelmaking. The electric arc furnace is the most relevant aggregate for processing direct reduced iron (DRI). As DRI is usually added into the arc, the behavior in this area is of great interest. A laboratory-scale hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HPSR) reactor was used to analyze that under inert conditions. Four cases were compared: carbon-free and carbon-containing DRI from DR-grade pellets as well as fines from a fluidized bed reactor were melted batch-wise. A slag layer’s influence was investigated using DRI from the BF-grade pellets and the continuous addition of slag-forming oxides. While carbon-free materials show a porous structure with gangue entrapments, the carburized DRI forms a dense regulus with the oxides collected on top. The test with slag-forming oxides demonstrates the mixing effect of the arc’s electromagnetic forces. The cross-section shows a steel melt framed by a slag layer. These experiments match the past work in that carburized DRI is preferable, and material feed to the hotspot is critical for the EAF operation.

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“…In this study, parameter values of the thermal conductivity (λ), specific heat (C p ), and density of the pellet (ρ s ) were considered in the model but different from the product layer and unreacted layer, which has been used in many researches. 3,24) Parameters are given in Table 2.…”

Section: Mathematical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then, the internal diffusion rate of the gas phase was expressed as Cp, pl (J kg −1 K) 24) 820 ρs (kg/m 3 ) 24) 2 600…”

Section: Mass and Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%